See atachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See atachment - Essay Example btaining additional market share of the competitor that totals 9.1 per cent, Albertsons increases the number of stores to 2400 letting each business unit operate on the regular basis without wrapping up their performance. Buying the assets of its main competitor, Albertsons at once becomes one of the biggest employers within the grocery industry. Though a lot of analysts consider the companys action as an essential step for suppressing numerous competitors due to the significance of scale benefits, some specialists remain skeptical regarding positive consequences of such deal on consumers. It is forecasted that company merger will lead to the narrowed product choice in the market and increased prices on the groceries because these are the major consequences of reduced competition. In contrast to this statement, CEO of Albertsons, Robert G. Miller, asserts that due to the changes of consumer behavior and preferences, the company is forced to adjust in order to save its market position (Hsu par. 14). The combination of businesses will considerably reduce production costs and enhance the quality of products due to raised effectiveness of mutual distribution system. Taking into account that lower costs will result in higher profits, there are no grounds for the company to raise prices, which may lead to the loss of loyal and pot ential customers. In addition, it is less likely that the company will increase prices also because of the great number of existed alternatives in the market. In this respect, according to the prognosis of analysts, consumers are not supposed to face any negative consequences of the impending acquisition. It is fair to state that the deal between Albertsons and Safeway will become a great incentive for other companies to follow their example since benefits of the purchase excel its disadvantages. First of all, Albertsons will upgrade its stores providing fresh and new image to the entire company. Every time when the market environment is

Looking for Alaska-Character List Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alaska-Character List Essay I dont know where there is, but i blieve its somewhere, and I hope its beautiful. Chip â€Å"The Colonel† Martin- A stocky, somewhat nerdy young man, he has gone to Culver Creek for a very long time. When he is not at school, he lives with his mom in a very small trailer. He is Pudge’s roommate, and he gives Miles the nickname â€Å"Pudge†. He may also have a crush on Alaska, just like Miles does. p. 38 Goddamn Weekday Warriors. It was probably one of them that ratted out Paul and Marya and then blamed me to cover their tracks. Anyways, its a good night for stying in. Staying in with Pudge and ambrosia. Takumi Harihoto- He is the jokester of the group, as well as a great rapper. *SPOILER ALERT* apparently at the end, after Alaska’s death, Takumi was feeling left out because Pudge and Colonel were sort of taking up all the grief for themselves. Takumi confesses to Pudge in the last paragraphs that he saw Alaska the night she died. She was in a rush and was very upset that she forgot her mother’s anniversary, and he tried to calm her down. He feels bad because he could have stopped her but didn’t. p. 105 What is that? Its my fox hat Why do you have a fox hat? Because nobody catches the fox. Alaska Young- the beautiful, witty, rebellious girl whom Pudge immediately falls in love with. Takumi and the Colonel most likely have crushes on her as well, although they are not stated in the novel. When Alaska was a child, her mother had a seizure due to a head aneurism. Alaska did not save her mother so she died. Alaska’s father blamed her for it and she regrets it to the present day in the story. . 42 Youre adorable, she said, and i felt the intensity of her eyes on me and looked away nervously. Too bad I love my boyfriend. Lara Buterskaya- An exchange student, Lara later will become Pudge’s girlfriend, she is good friends with all the rest of the gang. p. 208 And then Lara stood up, and in her delicate, innocent accent cut Dr. William Morse off. Youre so hot! I weesh youd shut up and take off your clo thes. This shows Lara ability to, despite her background, assimilate to the group and do anything for them. She transitions nicely. The Eagle- The dean of Culver Creek, his nickname is the Eagle because he is always watching over then, much like an eagle flies over and scans the ground. He always has to put up with the pranks students pull on campus. p. 141 I saw her, Miles. I talked to the poilce. It was instant. The steering wheel hit her chest. Im so sorry. Ms. Martin- The Colonel’s mother, works at Waffle House, and invites Pudge and Alaska to have Thanksgiving dinner with her and the Colonel at their trail

The Controversial Issue Of Flag Burning Philosophy Essay

The Controversial Issue Of Flag Burning Philosophy Essay There is a proposed amendment to make flag burning illegal. Congress tried to pass the Flag Protection Act of 1989, but the act failed because it is seen as a form of public protection.   There have been other attempts to pass legislation to protect the American flag but all of the attempts have failed so far. Flag burning is very controversial because people have different definitions of what freedom of speech means and what our flag stands for. This essay explores these definitions from the proponents viewpoint for a law protecting the flag and the opponents view point against such a law. The most debated question being asked at this time is:   is flag burning protected under the First Amendment guaranteeing the freedom of speech? It all depends on how a person defines the flag and interprets the First Amendment. In order to help answer this question lets being by defining what a flag is. The proponents (veterans, Citizens Flag Alliance, and other organizations of this type) of the amendment for protection of the flag define the flag as a cultural artifact with meaning significance, and usage determined by the particular system employing it (Guenter 18). Some flag historians have recognized the impact of culture on the shifting significance and usage of the national banner, although no one has ventured a full-scale probe of the subject (Guenter 16). The flag in the beginning was a symbol of freedom and enlightenment. The flag design has even changed. The very first flag contained thirteen stars that were in a circle with the red and white stripes. As the nation grew so did the flag, until the flag became what we know of it today. The proponents also feel that, the flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner whatsoever (www.legion.org/flagcode.htm). It should not be embroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs and the like, printed or otherwise impressed on paper napkin or boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard (www.legion.org/flagcode.htm). Advertising signs should not be fastened to a staff or halyard from which the flag is flown. No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform (www.legion.org/falgcode.htm).   However, a flag patch may be affixed to the uniform of military personnel, firemen, policemen, and members of patriotic organizations. The flag represents a living country and is itself considered a living thing. Therefore, the lapel flag pin being a replica should be worn on the left lapel near the heart (www.legion.org/flagcode.htm).   The American flag is known through out the world as a symbol of freedom, prosperity, and even enlightenment.   The American flag is a result of our (United States) revolt against Britain.   The opponents view of the flag is clearly different.   The opponents of this amendment define a flag like the New American Webster Handy College Dictionary. Which states, a flag is a piece of cloth bearing a design for display as a signal, standard, etc. (286). According to the opponents of the amendment a flag is just the rectangular piece of material that has stars and stripes on it. Excluding clothing, hats, napkins, and any other item that contains the red, white, and blue colors with stars and stripes. The proponents of this amendment define the flag as any piece of material that is representative of the pattern that we (society) know as a flag. While the opponents of this amendment believe that the flag is just the piece of  Ã‚   material that is for display purposes, viewed as a standard. The two sides of this argument have clearly defined their positions yet they fail to be specific. Both side of this controversy look to the First Amendment for clarification.  Ã‚   In the first amendment of the American constitution it states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of; or abridge the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances   (Constitution of the United States). The proponents of the flag burning amendment believe that the burning of a flag does not fall under the protection of the First amendment. The reason is because burning a flag is not an expression of speech but rather an act. In the case of Texas V. Johnson, Chief Justice William Rehnquist stated that flag burning is the equivalent of an inarticulate grunt or roar that is . . . most likely to be indulged in not to express any particular idea, but to antagonize others (Stephens Scheb 446). He also goes on to state, the flag is the symbol of our Nation, a uniqueness that justifies a governmental prohibition against flag burning (Stephens Scheb 446). According to the opponents of the flag burning amendment, this amendment not only applies to pure speech but writing also.   Rather, the opponents of the flag burning amendment feel that the Fist Amendment potentially protects communication of any kind.   Protest, demonstrations, performances, advertisements, artistic endeavors-all of these are ambit of expression.   Basically the First Amendment protects communication no matter what its nature or medium. Does this mean that our right to free speech is absolute?   An example that would coincide with this definition is the Gregory Johnson case that happened in Texas. In 1984, a man named Gregory Johnson stood outside of the Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas publicly burnt an American Flag. He was prosecuted under a Texas law prohibiting flag burning. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that the Texas law was unconstitutional. There reasoning behind this ruling was the fact that it was a form of protest.  Ã‚     The opponents of the flag burning amendment have come to these definitions as a way to distinguish what a flag is and what it isnt. The Supreme Court has not specifically looked at the topic matter of symbolic speech.   The opponents of this amendment feel that just because the amendment states, Congress shall make no law doesnt make the statement is absolute.   The Supreme Court may restrict the freedom of speech just on the premise of what affect it (the act or expression) may have (Epstein Walker pg. 204). The protection of the first amendment according to Stephens and Scheb, the protection of the First Amendment is not limited to pure speech (444). Symbolic speech can be applied to a variety of nonverbal communication that is subject to First amendment protection (Stephens/Scheb 444). Throughout the sixties there were many nonverbal protests against the war. These were protected under the First amendment because of symbolic speech reasoning. An example of this is from the Supreme Court case Tinker V.   Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969).   This case is an example of this because of a black armband that was worn to school as a less defiant form of protest to the Vietnam War.  Ã‚   Another example of symbolic speech is the burning of a draft card. In the same year (1969) the Supreme Court focused on the verbal expression rather than symbolic speech.   Once again the definition and the interpretation of the First Amendment prove that this issue is difficult to solve. The proponents feel that it is a way to preserve the values that America stands for, but the opponents feel that this amendment will hinder their rights as citizens of America. Which side is right? I guess it is up to each of us (citizens of America) to decide what we feel is right and take a stand on this issue.  Ã‚  Ã‚   For further insight into this controversial topic I conducted a survey of fifty college students. The students ranged in age from 18 to 40. The students surveyed were from many different ethnic origins, and different backgrounds. The survey consisted of six questions that inquired about the publics views on the proposed Flag Burning Amendment. According to the survey, 65% of people polled said an amendment that makes burning a flag illegal is a violation of the First Amendment. Many of the responses had the same reasoning behind the answer, if that is what a person believes than it is protected. While 90% of those surveyed responded that they felt no sense of protection for the flag while saying the pledge of allegiance.   The results of the survey are interesting. It appears that most people oppose the proposed amendment. Which leads people right back to the beginning, what is the meaning of freedom of speech and what does our flag stand for?   The issue of flag burning will continue for a while, but in order to understand the issue one must take the time to really think about what they believe in and what they feel is right. It is only through action that we (humans) are able to change the ills of the world. If we change the world by protecting the flag or burning the flag we (citizens of the US) have the rights and freedoms to do such. America is about freedom and happiness; we should take a lesson from the past and try to strive for freedom and happiness, so that we can become a better nation.  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Male Carica Crude Solvent Extracts

Male Carica Crude Solvent Extracts Male pawpaw tree have flowers that grow on short stalks (Chin et al., 2001). Carica papaya is a native of the tropics of America, perhaps from Southern Mixico and neighouring central American (Morton, 1987). According to Eno et al. (2000), pawpaw is the fruits, of the plant. Carica papaya belong to the genus carica. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. papaya showed the presence of many phytocompounds. These extracts were found to inhibit these eight test micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Fusarium solani and Candida albican.(Okoye, 2011). Proximate analysis of leaves of C. papaya also showed appreciable quantity of ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate and high calorific value (Okoye et al., 2011). In this present work, the author intends to study the preliminary pharmaceutical constituent s of crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya since little or no work had been done in this area. The aim and objective of this work is to determined the phytocompounds present in flower and stalk of male Carica papaya; to extract the crude solvent extracts of the flower and stalk of male C. papaya and to find out whether the solvent extracts can inhibit the growth of ten pathogenic fungi. Carica papaya is composed of many biological active compounds, many of which are found concentrated in the latex, which is present in parts of the plant (Madrigal et al., 1980). Within Carica papaya plants, the concentration of bio-actives will vary with position of plant, age of plant and cutivar. Also, concentration of bioactive differs between male, hermaphrodite and female plants. Female plants exude more latex than hermaphrodite and male plants. Carica papaya latex is rich in cystein proteinases which are proteolytic enzymes (caricain, chymopapain, papain and glucylendopeptidase) these constitute 80% of latex enxymes. Other enzymes present are glycosyl hydrolases (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-1, 3-glucanases, chitiriases and lyzozynus) protease inhibitors (cystertin and ghtaminylcyclotrunsferces and lipases (Moussaoul et al., 2001). It was reported that intake of two table spoons of pulverized papaya seeds mixed with hot water twice per day is used in the traditional management of diabetes and obesity (Adeneye and Olagunju, 2009). Carica papaya (pawpaw) contains the enzyme papain, a protease used for tendering meat and other proteins (Morton, 1987). The fruits are popu larly used and processed into juice and wine, and also cooked as vegetable (Gragson, 2001). The seeds are medically important in the treatment of sickle cell disease and poisoning related disorder. The lead tea or extract had a reputation as a tumor destroyer agent. The flesh green tea is antiseptic while the brown dried leaves are best served as tonic and blood purifier (Ezugwu, 2008). Due to its antioxidant and fibre content, it is used in treatment of ailments such as chronic indigestion, overweighing, obesity, high blood pressure (Everetta, 2003). Sample Collection and Preparation Flower stalk of male Carica papaya was collected from Adazi-enu in Anaochia Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. It was dried under air and mild sun-shine, for about three weeks and ground into powders. The ground sample was then kept in a clean polyethylene bottle until needed for analysis. Phytochemical and the extraction of the active components are determined by the methods outlined by Harbon (Harbon, 1973). The antifungal activity of flower and stalk of male C. papaya was determined by agar well diffusion method (Okeke et al., 2001). The zone of inhibition was recorded to the nearest size in mm (Norrel, 1997). After extraction of the active components using three different solvents separately (Ethanol, Water and N-hexane), the solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness at about 67, 98 and 66 °C respectively in a water bath separately. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mg of dry ethanolic, n-hexane and water extracts were weighed into five different labeled test tubes differently. T hen 10ml of the corresponding solvents used for extraction was added to the dried extracts to make 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5mg/ml concentrations of the extracts. The MIC of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya were found out by using 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of each extract which were added to test tubes containing 1ml of sterile medium. The tubes were then inoculated with a drop of microbial suspension and incubated for 48 hours at 25 °C. Then 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5mg/ml of amphotericin B (for A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, F. oxysporum and Fluconazole (for all candida was used for positive control and water for negative control respectively. The MIC value was determined, macroscopically after incubation in comparison with the growth and sterility control. MFC; the plates (petri-dishes) were divided into six different sections and labeled with the different concentration on the base of the plates, these were used to plate out the contents of each tube with the respective sections of the plate. The plates were incubated for 18 24 hours at 37 °C after which the MFC were recorded. Three replicates were done fo r each extract concentration and control against the fungi. Results Tables 1: Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Flower and Stalk of Male Carica papaya Class of phytocompound Inference Alkaloid Flavonoid Saponin Tannins Terpenoids Steroids Phenol Cardiac glycosides + + + ++ + + ++ Key: + = present, = absent Table 2: Quantitative Estimates of Phytochemical Constituents of Flower and Stalk of Male Carica papaya Class of phytocompound Inference Alkaloid Flavonoid Saponin Tannins Terpenoids Steroids Phenol Cardiac glycosides 0.53à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.86à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 0.37à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 2.60à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.21à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 0.08à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 Nil 1.87à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.02 Table 3: Antifungal activities of crude solvent extracts of flowers and stalk of male Carica papaya Text organisms (fungi) Conc. of extract (mg/ml) Average Diameter (mm) of Inhibition Zone +ve control for all Candida: Fluconazole others: Anaphotericin -ve Control distil Water Distill H2O EtOH N-Hexane Aspergillus niger 0.1 1.9  ± 0.20 NA NA 16.26  ± 0.25 NA 0.2 2.8  ± 0.10 NA NA 19.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 3.1  ± 0.02 2.33  ± 0.02 NA 21. 6  ± 0.21 NA 0.4 4.04  ± 0.10 3.21  ± 0.01 NA 23.2  ± 0.28 NA 0.5 5.00  ± 0.02 3.98  ± 0.10 2.41  ± 0.02 24.80  ± 0.01 NA Microsporum gypseum 0.1 NA NA NA 8.00  ± 0.02 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 8.60  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 NA 2-33  ± 0.02. NA 8.60  ± 0.06 NA 0.4 2.61 ± 0.01 3.21  ± 0.01 NA 9.98  ± 0.22 NA 0.5 3.22  ± 0.01 3.89  ± 0.10 NA 10.40  ± 0.01 NA Candida albican 0.1 2.40 ± 0.01 7.5  ± 0.02 2.00  ± 0.01 30.08  ± 0.02 NA 0.2 2.63 ± 0.01 8.2  ± 0.01 2.88  ± 0.02 33.20  ± 0.02 NA 0.3 3.91 ± 0.02 9.00  ± 0.03 3.12 ± 0.01 35.80  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 4.62 ± 0.02 9.97  ± 0.01 3. 92  ± 0.01 37.00  ± 0.03 NA 0.5 4.88  ± 0.10 11. 00  ± 0.02 4.17  ± 0.02 30.28  ± 0.17 Aspergillus flavus 0.1 1.21 ± 0.01 2.80  ± 0.20 NA 17.80  ± 0.10 NA 0.2 1.90  ± 0.10 3.65  ±0.10 NA 21. 00  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 2.40  ± 0.20 4.00  ± 0.02 NA 23.23  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 2.86  ± 0.01 4.86  ± 0.01 NA 25.00  ± 0.05 NA 0.5 3.16  ± 0.30 5.37  ± 0.20 NA 28.4  ± 0.10 NA Fusarium Verticilloides 0.1 NA NA NA 7.00  ± 0.30 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 7.90  ± 0.02 NA 0.3 NA NA NA 9.00  ± 0.30 NA 0.4 NA NA NA 9.58  ± 0.01 NA 0.5 NA NA NA 10.22 ± 0.07 NA Aspergillus parasiticus 0.1 1.38  ± 0.02 NA 3.73 ± 0.01 23. 80  ± 0.2 NA 0.2 2.06  ± 0.01 NA 4.02  ± 0.30 24.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 2.97  ± 0.02 NA 4.08  ± 0.20 25.61  ± 0.50 NA 0.4 3.30  ± 0.02 NA 4.60  ± 0.01 26. 00  ± 0.20 NA 0.5 3.88 ± 0.01 NA 4.88  ± 0.02 27.20  ± 0.10 NA Fusarium oxysporum 0.1 NA NA NA 18.37  ± 0.40 NA 0.2 NA NA NA 20.00  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 NA NA NA 21.56  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 NA NA NA 22.26  ± 0.10 NA 0.5 NA NA NA 24.00  ± 0.01 NA Candida glabrata 0.1 1. 35  ± 0.01 2. 60  ± 0.01 4. 30  ± 0.01 22.00  ± 0.01 N a 0.2 2.29  ± 0.03 4.31  ± 0.03 2. 10  ± 0.02 24.1 8  ± 0.20 NA 0.3 2 .96  ± 0.02 5.65  ± 0.01 2.80  ± 0.03 26.00  ± 0.02 NA 0.4 3. 12  ± 0.03 7. 04  ± 0.01 3. 20  ± 0.02 27.86  ± 0.30 NA 0.5 3. 84  ± 0.01 8. 52  ± 0.02 3. 90  ± 0.01 29.00  ± 0.10 NA Candida parasilosis ticum 0.1 3.80  ± 0.02 4.20  ± 0.02 2.02  ± 0.01 23.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.2 4.22  ± 0.02 4.86  ± 0.01 2.23  ± 0.02 23.86 ± 0.20 NA 0.3 4.92  ± 0.01 5.12  ± 0.02 2.77  ± 0.01 24.12  ± 0.02 NA 0.4 5.28  ± 0.02 5.66  ± 0.01 3. 12  ± 0.04 26.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.5 5. 88  ± 0.01 5.91  ± 0.01 3.93  ± 0.01 27.88  ± 0.30 NA Candida tropicalis 0.1 3.48  ± 0.20 NA 0.10  ± 0.02 2 1.00  ± 0.20 NA 0.2 4.01  ± 0.01 NA 2.1 5  ± 0.02 2 1.95  ± 0.10 NA 0.3 4.69  ± 0.02 3.66  ± 0.02 2.54  ± 0.01 23.00  ± 0.10 NA 0.4 5.20  ± 0.01 5.00 ± 0.03 3.23  ± 0.20 23.86  ± 0.02 NA 0.5 5.87  ± 0.01 6.91 ± 0.01 3. 87  ± 0.04 25.00  ± 0.03 NA Tables 4: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) Test organisms (Fungi) Water extract (MIC) Ethanol extract (MIC) Hexane extract (MIC) Aspergillus niger 0.05 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.01 0.45 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.01 Microsporum gypseum 0.35 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 NI Candida albican 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ± 0.01 Aspergillus flavus 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 NI Fusarium verticilloides NI NI NI Aspergillus parasiticus  ± 0.01 NI 0.05  ± 0.01 Fusarium oxysporum NI NI NI Candida glabrata 0.05 ± 0.01  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 Candida parasilosis 0.05  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 Candida tropicalis 0.05  ± 0.01 0.25  ± 0.01 0.05  ± 0.01 NI: No Inhibition Tables 5: Minimum fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of Ten Fungi Minimum fungicidal concentration (mg/ml) Test organisms (Fungi) Water extract (MFC) Ethanol extract (MFC) N-Hexane extract (MFC) Aspergillus niger 0.04 ±0.01 0.15 ±0.03 0.23 ±0.02 Microsporum gypseum 0.30 ±0.01 0.25 ±0.01 NI Candida albican 0.02 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.02 Aspergilus flavus 0.05 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.02 NI Fusarium verticilloides NI NI NI Asperigillus parasiticus 0.05 ±0.01 NI 0.03 ±0.01 Fusarium oxysporum NI NI NI Candida glabrata 0.05 ±0.03 0.03 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.01 Candida parasilosis 0.05 ±0.01 0.03 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.02 Candida tropicalis 0.03 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.01 Key: NI: No Inhibition Discussion Table 1 and 2 showed both qualitative and quantitative estimate of phytocompounds present in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya. The phytochemical constituents of the flower and stalk are as follows: alkaloids 0.53  ± 0.01%, floaonoid 0.08  ± 0.02% saponins 0.37  ± 0.02% tannins 2.06  ± 0.01%, terpenoid 0.02  ± 0.01%, steroids 0.08  ± 0.01, phenol nil, cardiac glycoside 1.87  ± 0.02%. The flower and stalk of male Carica papaya contain an appreciable quantity of alkaloids. It could be used to remedy some diseases, depending on the type of alkaloids it contains. The presence of alkaloids signified the possession of medicinal values within the flower and stalk. Pure isolated alkaloids are used as basic medicinal agents and fungicidal properties. The presence of steroids in the sample indicates that it could be used to decrease the presence of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Saponins have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, they facilitate and ea se the process of digestion and encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria within the intestine. Saponins also contribute to health and efficiency of the immune system by binding to germs and other pathogens as they enter the body. In this sense they function as natural anti-bodies. They are found to be antimicrobial and are particularly effective when used to treat yeast a infections. The presence of cardiac glycosides in the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya indicates that it could be used, in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. Table 3 portrayed the result of antifungal activities of three solvent extracts of the flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten micro-organisms (fungi) investigated in this work. They are: A. niger, M. gyspseum, C. albican, A. flavus, F. verticilloides, A. paraciticus, F. oxysporum, C. glabrata, C parasilosis and C. tropicalis. Five different concentrations of aqueous, ethanolic, and normal hexane extracts were used. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml concentration, aqueous extract showed some inhibitory effect on eight out of the ten test fungi. The fungi are; A niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A flavus, C. parasilosis, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. No action was recorded on the two remaining test fungi: F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum. At 0.1-0.2mg/ml concentration, ethanol extract shows some inhibitory effect on seven out of the ten test fungi. These are: A, niger, M. gypseum, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. At 0.1-0.2mg/ml, ethanolic extr act shows no action against three fungi. These are; F. verticilloides, A. parasiticus, and F. oxysporum. At 0.1-0.5mg/ml, n-hexane extract indicated some inhibitory effect on six out of the ten test fungi. These are: A, niger, C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. It had no action on four fungi. These are: M. gypseum, A. flavus, F. verticilloides and F. oxysporum.. Table 3 also showed the commercial drugs used as positive and negative control. Positive control using two different antibiotics specifically showed remarkable inhibitory effects on the ten test fungi while the negative control showed no action against the ten test fungi. Table 4 showed the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on the ten test fungi. The least MIC of the aqueous extract 0.05  ± 0.01mg/ml was shown on five test fungi: These are A. niger, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. MIC of the ethanolic extract 0.05  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on four test fungi. These are, C. albican, A. flavus, C. glabrata, and C. parasilosis. MIC of the n-hexane extract 0.05  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on five test fungi. These are: C. albican, A. parasiticus, C. glabrata, C. parasilosis and C. tropicalis. Table 5 showed the result of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the aqueous, ethanolic and n-hexane extract of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya on ten test fungi. For aqueous extract, the least MFC 0.2  ± 0.01mg/ml was shown on one test fungi,Candida albican. For ethanolic extract, the MFC 0.02  ± 0.0lmg/ml was shown on one test fungi Candida albican. For n-hexane extract the least MFC 0.02  ± 0.01mg/rnl was shown on one test fungi: Candida glabrata. Conclusion The analytical investigation showed that, the crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya have antigfungal effect on these microorganisms; Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseum Candida albican, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Candida glabrata, Candida parasilosis and Candida tropicalis. This implies that crude solvent extracts of flower and stalk of male Carica papaya can be used to cure the diseases caused by the above mentioned microorganisms. Bioactive ingredients responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the flower and stalk of male C. papaya should be elucidated.         Ã‚   Male C. papaya Plant Flower and Stalk of male Carica papaya References 1.Okoye, E.I., Orakwue, F.C. and Ebeledike, A.O. (2011).Nutritive Evaluation of Seeds of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) and leaves of Carica papaya.Anachem Journal, Vol. 5(1): pp. 985 988. ISSN: 2006-5221. 2.Okoye, E.I. (2011). Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds of Carica papaya. Journal of Basic Physical Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, Pp. 66 69. ISSN: 2141- 8411. 3.Okeke M.I., Iroegbu C.U., Eze. E.N., Okoli A.S and Esimone C.O. (2001): Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia owerrience for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol, 78:119-127. 4.Norrel S.A and Messley K.E. (1997) Microbiology Application. Prentice Hall Upper saddles River. New Jersey, pp: 85-90. 5.Harbon J.B. (1973): Phytochemical methods, A guide to modern techniquies of palnt analysis 2nd edition Chapman and Hall, London, pp 1-32,36. 6.Eno A.E., Owo O.I., Itam E.H.and R.S. Konya (2000): Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of C. papaya (L) in renal and DOCA induced hypertension in the rat. Journal of phytotherapy research, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.235-239. 7.Moussaoul A., Nijs M., Paul C., Wingtjens R.,Vencent J., Azarkan M., Looze Y. (2001): Revising the enzymes stored in the laticfiers of C. papaya in the context of their possible participation in the plant defence mechanism. Cellular and molecular life science. Vol. 58,pp. 556-570. 8.Morton J.F.(1987): Major medicinal plants, C.C. Thomas, Spring field, Illinois, USA, pp. 346- 346. Retrieved 23rd May, 2015. 9.Adeneye A. and Olagunju J, (2009): Preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolopideimic activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya lin, in wister rats, Biology and medicine,pp.1-10. 10.Everetta B.M., (2003): Carpaine an Alkaloid of Carica papaya, Journal of Chemistry and Pharmac

Everyone for Themselves :: Driving Transportation Essays

Everyone for Themselves I lived in the village of Millington, MI most of my life, where most of the roads roll around open farmland. After moving down to Lapeer, MI and traveling daily to Rochester, MI on M-24, it seems as if people from different traffic areas drive in different ways. City drivers tend to go 5-20+ speed limit, tailgate more, and seem to run a lot of lights. I would say the majority of the city drivers do this. Some country drivers might also have some of the traits of city drivers, but normally they go 0-5+ speed limit, rarely tailgate, run lights, and do a lot less traffic violations overall. The driving community of the U.S. consists of people of every ethnic background, race, color, and gender. Anyone can become part of the driving community as long as they have a vehicle to drive. To legally become a member of the community you must follow a few steps. First, have a license, which means you may have to take many tests in order to proclaim your worthiness, and pay fees to the secretary of state. The second step is to have your car insured through any broker. The last step is to purchase plates for your vehicle, again paying fees to the secretary of state. If you get pulled over by the police you may get into big trouble if you didn’t go through the â€Å"initiation steps†. He or she may impound your vehicle and send you to jail. Anything that has brake lights, headlights, turn signals, and bumpers (exc. motorcycles) can be considered a vehicle for driving on most roads. (Roads that move faster have requirements, for example, it should have at least a 400cc engine on certain expressways.) Also, expressways and fast moving roads frown on farm equipment or any slow moving vehicles. This is for the safety of the driver of the vehicle and the safety of everyone else on the road. In my first few trips down to Rochester I was absolutely stunned how many people can rush a yellow, and run the red. For example I was about 30’ from the light when it changed to yellow, obviously I couldn’t stop. I looked behind me, three other cars in my lane also made it! I try to assimilate so I won‘t create an accident, but I don’t think I can ever go to the extent that they do.

Animal Instinct :: essays research papers

Animal Instinct What would life be like without a mother or a father? What would life be like without any adult supervision? How would a person act if they did not have society to tell them what is right and wrong? Author William Golding believes that a person that wasn't brought up by society would only act using their basic human nature. It is also a part of his believes that this nature is evil. In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding proves his ideas on the evil at the base of the human nature through the lives of Piggy, Ralph, Roger, and Jack, whom are all young boys trapped on a deserted island in the Pacific. Piggy was a nonathletic, fat child with glasses and asthma. He was the child who was least effected by the evil inside of himself. Piggy was also the most intelligent child on the island, and this intelligence is what kept him from giving in to his evil. This intelligence was also thought by Jack to be a threat. Piggy lived in fear of Jack because he knew what type of person he was and that he could not be trusted. On page 93 Piggy expresses his fears by telling Ralph, â€Å" I'm scared of him and that is why I know him. If your scared of someone you hate him but you can't stop thinking about him.† In this it is obvious that Piggy is scared of Jack, so much so that he thinks about him constantly and now he has him figured out. This is why Piggy is unaffected by his evil. He sees what is happening to everyone else through Jack. The other person who wasn't overcome by their evil is Ralph. Ralph was an older child, and he was an athletic born leader. He was the leader of the tribe until the children began doing what Jack said. Although he never completely surcame to it, Ralph was tempted by evil. One instance happened when Jack and his hunters came back from a hunt and began to dance. The story on page 75 says, â€Å"Ralph watched them enviously and resentful.† He was envious of the other children because they got to dance and chant, but he knew that it was wrong, so he did not join in, and during this time while he was being tempted he treated Piggy terribly. He began to do what Jack said. Once when Jack brought the meat back from one of the hunts he gave everyone a piece except for Piggy, and when he complained

Catcth Us If You Can Chapter 1-5

Chapter 1 Rory and his grandfather are waiting to see Dr Nicol, their  family doctor at the doctor’s waiting room. Rory calls his grandfather as Granda. Granda cannot sit still. He goes off to smoke his pipe and comes back. Granda walks over to the noticeboard. There is an old woman sitting beside it. Rory asks Granda to sit still. A young girl about sixteen years old comes in with a baby in her arms. Granda stands up and opens the door for her. Granda asks Rory to help to take her bag. Granda likes the baby and starts talking to it. The young girl giggles and says the baby name is Lorelei.Granda then asks if the young girl calls her baby after Marilyn Monroe and she is confused. The young girl again says that her baby’s name is Lorelei and not Marilyn. Granda is good about films and Marilyn Monroe is one of his favourites. Suddenly the old woman smells smoke. The young girl also smells it as well. She jumps up and shouts that Granda is on fire. Everyone in the doctor ’s waiting room sees that Granda’s pocket is burning. Then the smoke alarm begins to wail. The receptionist rushes to them yet Granda is still smiling. Rory grabs a vase filled with flowers from the receptionist’s counter and throws the water all over Granda.Dr Nicol is surprised to see Mister McIntosh wet. Granda complains that Rory is trying to drown him. Rory says that it is not the first time his grandfather sets something on fire. Dr Nicol likes Granda and Rory; both are like double act that always makes him laugh. Dr Nicol is glad that he has a grandson like Rory who looks after him and reminds him to take his medicine. Dr Nicol tries to get Rory a home help. Rory agrees that a home help will be a good idea but Granda does not like it. Granda’s memory is getting bad from worse. He leaves shoes in the fridge and milk at the bottom of the wardrobe.Rory needs help to look after his  grandfather who is very forgetful nowadays. CHAPTER 2 Rory’s grandfather likes to keep his homework ‘somewhere safe’ and Rory is trying hard to locate his homework. Granda remembers putting it in Rory’s school bag when he is putting the rubbish down the chute. Rory’s guess is right when he finds a bag of eggshells and potato peelings in his school bag. He imagines his homework lying among the rubbish. Rory does not know how to tell to his teacher, Mrs Foley. Darren Fisher, Rory’s best friend suggests to him by saying that aliens take it away.Rory’s other classmates gather around him at the playground trying to help him too. His friends like Granda and his stories. Granda is almost arrested for shoplifting when a hanger with a suit on it gets caught in the belt of his raincoat and he walks out of the shop without noticing it. Rory confesses to Mrs Foley about the loss of his homework. Mrs Foley asks about Granda’s condition and if he is coming to Parents’ Night. Granda never misses it befo re. Mrs Foley asks Rory to stay back and do the homework. However, Rory cannot stay back because Granda is making lunch and is waiting for him to have lunch together.Rory runs out of the playground towards his flats. He buys two hot pies, one for him and one for Granda. Granda does not cook at all; in fact Rory has to bring him lunch every day. Rory has to make sure Granda takes his medicine too. Granda is old now and Rory thinks that he has the responsibility to look after him. Chapter 3 Mr Hood, Rory, Darren and Mary Bailey are  at the  field where football practice is going on. Mr Hood  asks Rory to be in the football team. Rory refuses as he has to look after his Granda. Darren and Mary quarrel. Mr Hood drags Mary to the headmaster's office.Darren again suggests Rory to be on the team. Rory states the same reason. Darren thinks that Rory's Granda should be in a home and Rory is angry about it. Granda always talks about Rachnadar, the local old people's hospital to Rory. Hi s Granda would rather die than to live there. Darren's mother tells Darren that Rory's Granda will be better there. Rory runs off before Darren could say another word. Granda only has Rory and Rory only has granda as his kin. Rory tries his best to coach Granda on how to behave  as Parents' Night is coming up soon. He wants to reassure Mrs Foley that Granda has all his marbles.One day, Rory comes home to discover that Granda mistakenly peels a bag of apples and cuts them into chips. Granda thinks that the apples are potatoes! Granda also tries to help with the cooking but he leaves the electric rings switch on and burns out a pot. That night Rory and Granda are watching television when Granda watches Rory closely. Rory is thinking about his father. Granda is angry at the mention of Rory's father. Granda and Granny have spoilt him too much. He gets what he wants as a child. When he is tired of them, he throws them aside. He treats Rory's mother in  the same way.Rory's father leav es Rory's mother and Rory when he is a baby. Granda does not want to talk about Rory's father. Granda only has a son, none other than Rory! Chapter 4 Rory and his Granda walk to the school on Parents' Night. Granda wears slippers and they go back home again to change so they are the last to arrive. There are many parents waiting patiently in queue. Darren comes and greets Granda. Granda looks around ans asks where Holy Foley is. Granda then  goes to the toilet on his own. He does not want Rory to accompany him. Rory is worried about Granda.Luckily Granda  steps back into the classroom. It is Rory's turn and Mrs Foley talks to Granda about  Rory's homework. Granda leans forward and  says that Mrs Foley indeed has moustache, just as what Rory has told him! Suddenly, Mrs Foley smells that something is on fire. Clouds  of smoke is billowing from the pocket of Granda's coat hanging on a hook. Then Mrs Foley's coat, pale green with a little matching scarf  is on fire too becau se it is beside Granda's coat. People walk out of the  classroom into the playground as the caretaker ushers them. Granda goes to the toilet earlier  to take a puff.Then he puts his pipe in his pocket but he forgets about it. However, Granda finds the whole thing funny and exciting just like other boys feel. Luckily, Darren's father helps to put out the fire. Mrs Foley looks at Granda angrily. Chapter 5 Darren and Rory's other  friends  are delighted with Granda's attempt to ‘set the school on fire' and they exaggerate on it. Granda admits that it must have been his fault. Darren's mother is worried that it might happen again maybe in the middle of the night at Rory's home. She thinks that Rory should not shoulder  such big responsibility. He should be playing football!Rory confirms it will not happen as he hides Granda's pipe before he goes to bed. Meanwhile, Val Jessup, the social worker  comes to see Granda and Rory. She is sent by Dr Nicol. Val Jessup is trying to organise a home help who comes in at lunchtime and prepares food for Granda. She will also make sure Granda takes his medicine. With the home help, Rory dreams of joining the football team again. Val Jessup makes Granda thinks of Grace Kelly, a beautiful film star just because both have fair hair! Granda tucks Rory into bed and  Rory thinks life will be better as they have a social worker now.Mrs Foley asks Rory about things at home. Rory tells that now they have a social worker and will have a home help soon. One day after school, Rory runs for the bakery and two hot pies. The baker tells Rory about his flats which is on fire. Rory rushes to his flats. His neighbour, Mrs MacKay scolds Granda for causing the fire. Rory is very angry with her. He tries to defend his Granda. Rory throws himself at her and tries to kick her. The policemen stop him. One policeman informs Rory that Granda is in hospital now but he will be all right. Rory recalls that he hides his Granda's pipe.Howe ver, the policeman tells Rory that Granda leaves the chip an on and forgets about it. this causes the fire. Rory is perplexed as he does not know what is his Granda doing with a chip pan. CHAPTER 1 Characters: 1. Mister McIntosh (Granda) (Rory’s grandfather) 2. Rory 3. Dr Nicol (Granda’s and Rory’s family doctor) 4. old woman 5. young girl 6. baby (Lorelei) 7. Marilyn Monroe (was an American actress) 8. receptionist CHAPTER 2 Characters: 1. Mister McIntosh (Granda) (Rory’s grandfather) 2. Rory 3. Mrs Foley (Rory’s teacher) 4. Darren Fisher (Rory’s best friend) 5. Rory’s classmates CHAPTER 3 Characters: . Mr Hood 2. Rory McIntosh 3. Darren 4. Mary Bailey 5. Granda 6. Darren's mum 7. Mrs Foley 8. Rory's parents CHAPTER 4 Characters: 1. Granda (Mister McIntosh) 2. Parents 3. Mrs Foley (Holy Foley) 4. Darren 5. Darren's father CHAPTER 5 Characters: 1. Granda 2. Darren 3. Mrs Foley 4. Rory's friends 5. Some of the parents 6. the caretaker 7. Darren's mother 8. Rory 9. Val Jessup (the social worker) 10. Dr Nicol 11. a home help 12. Grace Kelly (a beautiful film star) 13. Mrs MacKay (Rory's neighbour) 14. the policemen CHAPTER 1 Settings: 1. doctor’s waiting room 2. toilet 3. the house 4. receptionist’s desk 5. he fridge 6. bottom of the wardrobe 7. Dr Nicol’s office 8. Rory’s pocket CHAPTER 2 Settings: 1. on the table 2. in the schoolbag 3. kitchen 4. chute 5. school 6. playground 7. road 8. across the street 9. block of flats 10. the bakers' CHAPTER 3 Settings: 1. Football field 2. playground 3. headmaster's office 4. Rachnadar, the local old people's hospital (home) 5. Rory's home CHAPTER 4 Settings: 1. school 2. the toilets 3. the classrooms 4. Rory's home 5. the playground CHAPTER 5 Settings: 1. the school 2. living room 3. Rory's bedroom 4. the toilet 5. Granda's bedroom 6. the bakery 7. flats 8. the hospital