CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY - Research Paper Example Forensic hospitalization averages $500 per day while a jail’s housing cost is only $50.00. Buelle (2003) comments that â€Å"shifts in public policy regarding public safety, de-institutionalization of mental health populations and complexities in accessing funding for mental health treatment all have contributed to this problem† (p. 141). Sabbatine (2007) add that jail is the only institution that accepts everyone legally presented for custody unlike some mental health institutions which have admission criteria. That is why there is a growing population of mentally disturbed offenders in correctional facilities. However, since these inmates are psychologically ill, they have the right to be treated while incarcerated. The American Psychiatric Association, the National Commission on Correctional Health Care and the American Correctional Association all agree that these inmates need to go through screening and diagnosis so the necessary treatment can be done. Diagnosis is determined from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth Edition (DSM-IV). This system has a five axis/ level structure. The most significant disorders are on the first axis and are termed Axis I disorders, which include schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and major depression, among others. Mentally ill offenders are at times identified by these Axis I disorders. (Norton, 2005). Treatment would include a variety of care options incorporating crisis intervention, ongoing psychiatric treatment – accompanied by psychotropic medication, if prescribed, and well-trained mental health staff who undergo an ongoing training program in the treatment and care of the mentally ill (Maloney, Ward & Jackson, 2003). There are many available options for treatment of mentally disturbed offenders ranging from simple psychotherapy to psychotropic medication to community-based therapy. These shall be described in detail as follows: A number of counseling and psychotherapeutic

Franklin Roosevelt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Franklin Roosevelt - Essay Example He also had a natural charisma that helped him to connect to with all sections of American population. He was a natural orator whose powerful voice stayed the listener’s heart. He also had a sense of patrician responsibility towards the other people. FDR had a very strong character as well as requisite political skills to get his programs enacted and communicate his visions of America. FDR was a strong believer in democratic views that is  the center-left and  social-liberal platform and supported  social  justice and mixed economy.  To elevate the situation in 1930s, he offered various programs that were designed for promotion of economic and social equality of the people all over the country. These programs were specially designed for promotion of consumer protection, various social programs, environmental protection, universal health care, and equal opportunity for all. In 1910, when he entered politics and ran for state Senate from Dutchness County, the local Democratic  Party supported his candidature as the â€Å"paper candidate†. The main reason behind this was that it was  a Republican  seat so the party did not expect a  democratic  win.  However, with his typical strong character and charisma, he ran a tight campaign and won the election.  He used these qualities in his life  time and again  when he was facing adverse times in  his personal  and professional life  (Polenberg, 2000).  After this victory, he went from strength to strength in his political life and used creativity to attain his objective. On  the domestic  front, when he took power for the first time as the President, the country’s economy was in completely ruined due to deficit issues (Polenberg, 2000).  . As soon as he took the office, he enacted many  laws,  which were expressly designed to lift the country out of 1930s depression. Also, he as completely committed to New Deal concept and backed it completely. On  the foreign  front, the world

Oral Presentation on Drink Driving Essay Example for Free

Oral Presentation on Drink Driving Essay Intro: The topic I will be discussing today is a problem that occurs not only on Australian roads, but on roads worldwide. It is the topic of drink driving. I will be arguing why the Australian government should lower the Blood Alcohol Concentration limit to at least 0. 02 for full licenced drivers. Drink Driving is a serious offence that has MANY negative outcomes to it. Not only are you at risk of losing your licence, affecting day to day tasks and also receiving a heavy fine, but you are also putting yourself, your passengers and any person’s life, who is on the road, in DANGER. Paragraph 1: Each year on Victorian roads, approximately a quarter of drivers are killed or injured from drink driving related incidents where the driver has had a Blood Alcohol Concentration level of at least 0. 05 or greater. According to the Transport Accident Commission, with a blood alcohol concentration limit of 0. 05, the driver is already doubling their chance to be involved in an accident. At 0. 08 it is seven times the risk. At 0. 15, it is 25 times the risk. Statistics from the Transport Accident Commission have also shown that drink driving is most common between the ages of 17 to 25, promoting my main ARGUMENT that a person’s Blood Alcohol Concentration level should be at least 0. 02 which would significantly reduce the chance of an accident. Paragraph 2: Drinking Alcohol has a serious effect on our bodies. Drivers who drink alcohol before driving can be left with a loss of memory, blurred vision, slow reflexes, and lack of concentration and can also lead to dizziness. Drinking alcohol also increases self-confidence, which can lead the driver to feeling strong and invincible (LIKE SUPERMAN) . Look more:Â  problem solution speech essay Do you really want to be in a car with someone that can’t perform simple tasks such as reciting the alphabet or walking in a straight line? Each year Victoria Police breath tests over one point five million people. The government also exposes the public to many advertising campaigns through television about drink driving and its effects. An example includes the Transport Accident Commission advertisements that are shown regularly on television. Here is an example of one. [Drink Driving Advertisement 1 minute] Paragraph 2: In the commercial just shown, we witness some of the serious consequences that can take place as a result of drink driving, being serious injury, imprisonment, paraplegia and death. It goes to show a mother who has lost a son to drink driving, a woman killed by a drink driver, a man left paralysed after his drunk mate crashed the car he was in, and a drink driver entering jail. It shows the grief and loss families are left with, a sort of grief that no one should have to endure, especially because of one such reckless decision one decided to make, leading to the end of a life. Paragraph 3: I myself have lost a family member who was hit and killed by an intoxicated driver. He was not only a good and funny kid; he was a brother, a son, a nephew, a grandchild. I remember as a young child never seeing John again, I remember my family going through the grief, the in-denial, the anger, that someone so close to my family had died from such a careless and preventable act. It is hard to comprehend that someone you cared so much about has taken their last breath, smiled for the last time and is never coming back. It is something that no one should ever have to suffer. To see a mother and a father say goodbye to their young child is heartbreaking and inhumane to watch. Once again I hope that you understand that this is why the blood alcohol concentration limit should be lowered down to at least 0. 02. Many Australian experts and scientists believe that a blood alcohol concentration limit of 0. 05 is perfect and there is no need for it to be lowered. Experts argue that lowering it less than 0. 05 will do nothing in lowering deaths related to drink driving. But this is not the case. In two of the most developed and wealthy countries in the world, Sweden and Norway, the blood alcohol concentration limit is 0. 02. Drink driving is considered a very serious crime in Sweden and there is very little tolerance for alcohol. Laws where introduced in 1995 and 2001 in Sweden and Norway respectively which lowered the legal blood alcohol concentration limit to . 02 from the previous level of . 05. Since the blood alcohol concentration limit was changed, both Sweden and Norway have seen a dramatic reduction in deaths related to drink driving, some of the lowest rates in the world. I believe that by following the same lead set by Sweden and Norway we too in Australia can lower the amount of deaths related to drink driving significantly. Conclusion: Drink driving is something that takes place every day. Every day someone is involved, every day we are informed of it on the news, the radio, and through other various media outlets. Every day someone cries themselves to sleep, knowing they will never see that person again. I believe that by lowering the limit we can significantly reduce road trauma and the number of deaths related to drink driving. So, think, is that last glass really that important?

Marketing Strategies Used In Film Industry Bollywood Media Essay

Marketing Strategies Used In Film Industry Bollywood Media Essay Patiala House releases in Patiala, ironically the film has nothing to do with the princely state, Katrina Kaif in Lucknow studio of radio mirchi for Rajneetis Promotion, Silence is the promotion strategy for My Name is Khan a much talked film This paper investigates widespread marketing strategies used in Film industry popularly called the Bollywood both nationally and internationally. Film marketing is rapidly developing into a promising industry although the idea is its incipient stage in India. We have seen over the years that success of film now not only through its contents but varied integration of marketing strategies to promote the film. Today everyone in the film bazaar wants success but it is acquired by only those who have come out with some out of box strategy for their film. Films are much hyped before their release in the market so that they have great openings but some are bombed in few weeks and some are not even noticed due to lack of content. Films now are more than just an entertainment, but are a business. Marketing of a movie is not a new initiative it has its existence since films were introduced in India, but it is followed more rigorously in todays state of film affairs. The inception of this paper starts with introduction of the film industry followed with the strategies used to market the movies in the industry. This is also an interest area of the author, as being a movie buff. The other segment research will highlight the growth of this budding industry. The content of this paper also comprises with current inclination and variation that are common in the film industry. The methodology used in this paper has a literature review which will be the basis of the report. Due to non-availability of required data relating to the expenses on conventional and non-conventional media, the author has chose a case study approach. To indentify the consumption pattern of the consumer a research is conducted both with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The dissertation is ended with the inclusion of integrated marketing framework for Bollywood and the new means that for existing medium, those are being or could be deployed in the area of film marketing. Methodology: Before getting into details of film marketing the author highlights the area of conventional and non-conventional media and tactics to manipulate the viewers decision. Conventional media majorly includes Trailers and Commercials on Television, Posters, Radio promotion and Printed Ads etc. whereas, unconventional media comprises of SMS/MMS, Internet Broadband, BTL activities and events and social networking etc. In terms of number of movies produced India has the biggest movie industry. Around 800 movies are made and released of which 90% are bombed beyond the week at the box-office. (Indiaonestop, 2010) We can every day, every few hours, somebody, somewhere is launching a feature film in this country. (Bose, 2006) So its important for a film marketer to know which method or media would be appropriate for that particular film. While delineating conventional tactics for marketing films to the unconventional ones a clear example would be advertisement in theatre which is a conventional way but using technology or innovative techniques to market it qualifies to be an unconventional way of marketing. Taking in to consideration the number of flops annually the Bollywood gives, it is mandatory to understand the spending done on these mediums for promotion as it would give an insight to a new method which will be helpful for our dissertation. Film makers generally dont take into consideration what audiences want a few can be named as Ram Gopal Verma, Mani Ratnam etc. whose films like RGV ki Aag, Rakta Charitra and Raavan flopped in spite of having strong star cast. So in order to gauge consumer consumption pattern in terms of movie content, effects of promotional activities, change in the decision to watch a movie etc. (Chand, 2011) These factors will help in defining the timing of the movie to launched, content of the movie, Star cast, Publicity, unfriendly press and partner brands. Producers often forget the importance of the above factors in a hurry to give a clone of previous hits. All the film makers try to play safe, recover costs and try to move on and thus leave the impression to the general public that our film makers have run out of ideas. (Bose, 2006) Film makers these days are like businessman, they spread their losses by investing in several films simultaneously in the anticipation that at if one will work he can take care of the losses with it. A film-maker who has the resources and the ability to work and gamble on multiple projects is never let down by the law of probability. Mode of Study/Tools Used: A two pronged approach adopted in this report will help to understand all of the above and find a satisfactory answer for it. A secondary research will be conducted on the available data. A whole research framework will be gathered related to film marketing. This would not meet ones expectation entirely so we need a primary survey including both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative research would be done with the help of questionnaires targeting the urban crowds from the metros excluding the southern cities of India. Overseas city like Leicester and Wembley which has a number of Indian communities is also taken under the survey which will give a more holistic research. Approximately a sample of 50 respondents were targeted, though the number is too short for large topic like this; hence a figure ranging to 20,000 at a confidence level of 95% and percentage of 50% the confidence interval comes out to be approximately +/-3.5% which should be acceptable. Internet has been used as a medium to collect data from the respondents along with collecting data personally from the above mentioned localities in Wembley and Leicester. This medium saved cost and time. However response for the survey was not mandatory and it was completely at respondents discretion. The idea behind the selection of the metros for primary research is due to the beginning of the multiplex culture in these cities. Usual movie goers were targeted that includes families, teens, couples etc. The data obtained from this survey will be evaluated using factor analysis. This data will help us to understand the trend, interest of the consumers towards the unconventional media used to promote the films. As part of the research a case study of movie will be taken which was well marketed but bombed at the box office. This will give an actual scenario of the topic. Anticipated Output from the Research: Few questions would come up along with this dissertation: Whom should the producer communicate to? What appeals to whom? Which media reaches the most? What do the consumers want? Limitations of the Survey: This sample does not represent the entire India due to the limitation of the survey conducted in the taken geography. The area was chosen mostly as the region bestows majorly to the Hindi speaking population of the country. Another limitation is number of the respondents would be contacted through emails or social networking sites which leads to a possibility of fake response, half response or also data duplication. Review of Literature Overview: Hollywood has been dominant over the years in the international film industry but slowly Mumbai and Shanghai are emerging beyond providing the local language films and television into domestic and international markets. Los Angeles remains the largest cluster in the world with Mumbai following second in the lead. (PWC, 2010) Mumbai and Shanghais cluster increases between 2010 and 2040 while that of Los Angeles cluster decreases in size. This is because of shift of consumers towards alternative media options like video games and internet. (PWC, 2010) Indian and Chinese governments have realized the potential of the industry and so they are encouraging these industries to grow. However it is difficult to imagine a mainstream film audience opting for Chinese movies instead of Hollywood movies. In future this may change. In recent years Hollywood and Bollywood have realized the importance of regional cinema and so there is an increasing trend of dubbing popular movies of both the industry. E.g. Gurinder Chadhas latest film Its a Wonderful Afterlife was dubbed in Hindi and Punjabi. (PWC, 2010) As stated earlier the subject of this dissertation is to understand the Indian Film Industrys marketing strategies and its competitors. The aim of the literature review is to understand the method used for film marketing using conventional and nonconventional medium. Indian film marketing is in its incipient stage there is dearth of literature work. There are few reports and articles here and there which shed light on this subject. The literature review on the subject I found relevant to my research is as follows: Unraveling the potential: The Indian Entertainment and Media Industry, FICCI Frames, March 2006, by Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) The report is published by FICCI and it looks as Entertainment and Media Industry as a whole but not only the film industry. However the overall percepts provided gives some important information for my research. Table 1: IRS 2005, Round 2 as quoted in Jagran Prakashan Prospectus filed with SEBI dated Feb 3, 2006 Urban India Films Reach in % age Reach in millions A1 30.6 2.43 A2 25.1 3.85 B1, B2 19.1 7.53 C 18.1 8.59 D 17.1 9.52 E1, E2 15.7 10.59 Source: Televisionpoint, Research, Media Industry, 2005 The above table shows how much penetration films have in the socio economic classes. It helps to target market segmentation and marketing campaigns according to the socio-economic classes and the reach of the medium. However the report shows the share of the film industry in the Indian economy which is not changing from 2005- 2010 as the share of film industry was 19 % in 2005 but has not increased in 2010. (FICCI, 2006) The report points out that film industry is among few growth drivers for the EM industry. Quoting directly from the report: Indians love to watch movies. And advancements in technology are helping the Indian film industry in all the spheres film production, film exhibition and marketing. The industry is increasingly getting more corporatized. Several film production, distribution and exhibition companies are coming out with public issues. More theatres across the country are getting upgraded to multiplexes and initiatives to set up more digital cinema halls in the country are already underway. This will not only improve the quality of prints and thereby make film viewing a more pleasurable experience, but also reduce piracy of prints. (FICCI, 2006) Faults Found Indian Film Industry is full of uncertainty and is unorganized. The outcome is bollywood has only 1% of share in the world film industry while at the same time US has 60% of the world revenue. (PWC FICCI, 2007) Table 2 Filmed entertainment revenues by country/region, US$ million, 2009 Country/region Revenue in US$ million Percentage of total USA 34,431 40.4 Japan 11,061 13.0 UK 5,599 6.6 Other Western Europe 5,151 6.1 France 3,763 4.4 Germany 3,646 4.3 Canada 3,330 3.9 Other Asia Pacific 2,681 3.1 Australia 2,562 3.0 Latin America 2,431 2.9 Italy 2,087 2.5 Central and Eastern Europe 1,982 2.3 India 1,899 2.2 Spain 1,688 2.0 South Korea 1,275 1.5 China 1,206 1.4 Middle East and Africa 345 0.4 Total 85,137 100.0 Source: PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2010-2014, June 2010 The above report shows the world film market is still dominated by the developed economies. (UK Film Council, 2010) In spite of Indian Film Industry having larger admissions ratio and population it still lags behind to Australia and Italy in terms of world market share. Films are today more than Art, its business. This showbiz business is the biggest money earner in the country. In last couple of years film industry has changed itself into fully professional business industry with innovative methods to promote a film. Time has changed and so are the promotional and marketing activities of a film. Awareness of film and its Star Cast is important in the competitive industry. (Merinews, 2010) Almost two to three movies releasing every Friday, to succeed the producer or directors have to something different to attract the audiences. Its all about creating brand identity. For e.g. during the release of 3 Idiots Amir Khan toured seven cities across India to connect to people and create an attention towards the movie. This proved to be very successful strategy and the movie broke all box office records. Today the actors have also understood the importance of marketing of a film. The author has found few gaps in the Indian Film Industry. Digital Movies Development in the digital technology will lead the industry in future. Digital movie assures to raise box office collections by increasing picture resolution, quality of the print and lower distribution costs. There are mixed reaction on the issue of piracy. Initiatives by producers like Bharat Shah and Manmohan Shetty have started initiative to increase digital cinemas. (Bose, 2006) Audiences distinguishing the promotions to be fake All promotion techniques like Coffee with the stars, Invitation to the premiere etc does not attract the audiences as they dont trust the promotional event. They simply think that at given sample of 10000 only 2-3 fans get a chance to meet the stars or invitation. Audiences do notice such events but percentage of participation is very low. Thus by using conventional medium to connect to people a major chunk of the pie rests untouched by the film makers. (Chand, 2011) BTL activities and its effects on films Below the line activities do engage the audiences with the campaign but at the end they fail to attract the audiences at the ticket booths and do not increase the ticket sales. A good here is of the film Aagey Se Right The campaign Win a Gun was woven with the story line of the film where the actor loses his gun in the film. It was launched online where the users could take home a gun by answering a simple question and the help the cop Waghmare, find his lost gun as well. The actor also visited seven cities of India and checked visitors purses and bags as a part of campaign. In spite of the innovativeness and spending on the campaign the film did not earn money to the producers. (Nautiyal, 2009) Competition from International Movies The international market is expected to grow at the pace of 18% annually with estimation at Rs. 7 billion but bollywood shares only 10% of its box office revenues in the international market. (PWC FICCI, 2007) There is a significant gap in the urban and rural demand due to growing middle class. The urban audiences demand Masala + Movies which cannot be met due to shortage of talent. Hence this demand gap is filled by international movies. Hollywood is gaining a reasonable market share with the help of better marketing techniques. Their target audiences are young Indians which amount 50% of the population. (Kukenshoner et al 2008) Surmises The above holes found in the working of Indian film industry surmises to the statement that: Traditional marketing strategies are vieux jeu, and more and more innovative techniques are used to attract the audiences for the Friday. Bollywood and the World Film Industry:Â   With the rise of new mediums and change in economic scenario of India more attention is diverted towards bollywood at the same time other film cultures attempting to Bucolize Hollywood. (Desai Dudrah, 2008) Bollywood prides itself with being one of the largest film industries in the world in terms of producing the films. Some around 1090 films compared to 607 in the year 2006. (Jones et al, 2008) The current dominance of Hollywood is largely due to advancements in marketing techniques, innovative, good content and an effective distribution channel. In terms of commercial success Hollywood dominated the world market but other countries were still making culturally important movies. (Jones et al, 2008) France and UK were major competitors of Hollywood. Modern Motion Picture was invented in France. It loses its leading position against Hollywood with the invention of sound in the film. The demand decreased due to the less French speaking people over the globe. Since the creation of television and film, Britain has been thriving due the film as it is a key part and driver of the mix of creative industries. (House of Commons, 2003) The industry experienced a constant brain drain to the Hollywood. (Jones et al, 2008) Chinese film industry although compared to India is small but is very organized. One area bollywood has to work on if want to be successful in the world market is the length of the film. Even the best film has 20-30 minutes more length. If bollywood wants to succeed in the global market the industry will have to invest lot in marketing and distribution of the film. (Pillania, 2008) Nollywood a dark horse of Africa is the new word in the world market at least in India. The world was minted by their inspiring counterparts namely Hollywood and Bollywood. It is one of the fastest and largest growing industries with over 872 films in 2006 (UNESCO, 2006) The African market is dominated by Nollywood. Compared to Hollywood, Bollywood and other film industries the film making style is cost effective as it uses digital cameras instead of film and movies are made in mere a weeks time with the less than 15000 USD. Movies are released directly through DVDs or CDs rather than in Theatres. It does affect the quality of the film; making it difficult to export overseas. Few western directed documentaries have spread some knowledge of Nollywood in the West. A part of the industry is working to improve the current scenario. (Mazzocco, 2011) Tollywood is the combination of wood from Hollywood and Tolly from Telugu language also known as cinema of Andhra Pradesh. In 2008 278 movies were released. Hyderabad is the center of all the work done and studios of Tollywood. (Vikram, 2010) The South Indian film industries produce half of the total number of movies of India. Breakdown of films in different languages of India is shown below: Languages No. of Films Hindi 222 Tamil 151 Telugu 155 Kannada 109 Malayalam 64 Marathi 25 Bengali 49 Assamese 17 English 23 Others 877 (Source: Central Board of Film Certification, 2003) Bollywood has over the years created an synthetic culture that appeals to a specific audience in India while regional cinemas are still rooted to their culture and language. Few regional films have been so popular that they had bypassed Bollywood films at the box office by selling more tickets in their respective states. E.g. A Tamil Super Star Rajikanths Film named Shivaji broke all records of Tamil film industry and at the same time breaking Indias Box office records. Even though the film was played on only 12 screens it was the first non-Bollywood Indian film to make it to UK Top Ten. Bollywood is mistaken as Indian Cinema by many non-Indian commentators and also by some Indians but the fact is something different. The challenge to bollywood is not only from overseas but also from the regional movies. (Stafford, 2008) The Integrated Marketing Framework Understanding Film Marketing Publicity: The strategic importance of publicity of any film is undoubted. It is oxygen for everybody who is connected in the film industry. It keeps you in the attention and guarantees the longevity of your career. An important role is played by both media and non-media public relations. Although here Bollywood lacks good publicist like they have in Hollywood. Publicist have failed to keep with pace of growth by the industry in past years. Publicist are increasingly becoming a necessity as the number of publication seeking coverage are increasing along with the technology which is expand bollywood beyond the borders. (Parimal et al 2009) Public always has an craving for gossips about domestic crisis, romantic linkages with a star or a sensational filmi story. So it always makes a sense for a film-maker to give media some masala news about the plot of the film, release of the music, clarification on controversies, celebration parties or location of the shoots. Film awards also boost chances of the actor/actress to get new films. For e.g. Producer Bimal Roys movie named Bandini was released in 1966. The film was running according to the course and was about to be take off the theatres, when suddenly the movie was nominated for Film fare awards and Presidents Silver Medal. It a new lease of life to the movie and the movie was a hit miraculously. (Bose, 2006) If a movie successfully touches the public emotion it is bound to be a hit. This happened with movies like Gadar and Laagan. These films touched the patriotic sentiment of the common man so got mouth to mouth publicity and enjoyed greater success after the first week of release. It is said that people from villages with trucks full went to the cities to watch these movies. Especially, Gadar. Quality of movie along with good music played an important role in success of these movies. (Pandey, 2010) Partner Brands: Over the years bollywood have successfully partnered with brands like Tag Huer, Rolex, McDonalds, Maybelline, Exide battery, Coca Cola, Pepsi, Hutch, Bournvita, Zandu, Ultratech cement, Nikon and so on. For e.g. In the movie Taare Zameen Par, In the drawing competition the participants were shown using colors of Fevicryl. The same color prints were gifted by the elder brother of the main character Darsheel Safari. (S Roy et al, 2009) Few e.g. of the brands partnering with the films are as under: Film Name Brand Name Om Shanti Om Mukta Arts-Production House, HMV, Exide Battery, Filmfare Awards, Tag Heur Watch, Maybelline Chak de India EXIM Bank, Australian Trade and Commerce, Aaj Tak, McDonalds, Britannia Marie, ESPN, Puma Partner Coco Cola, Marie Claire, Zoom (Media Partner), Pepsi, Pizza Hut, Toyota, ESPN, Boost, Hutch, Sony Vaio, Phuket (Tourism), Starbucks, Mercedes, Kawasaki (Water Boat), Nokia 6600, BPL, DFL, Bournvita, Sony Erickson Mobile, Go air, Nikon, Calvin Klein Namaste London Spykar Jeans, Western Union Money Transfer, Streax, MTV, Kingfisher, Bharatmatrimony.com, Indiatimes.com, HP (laptop), Bailey (Packaged Water), Ford (Tractor), Sony Camcorder Source: (Product Placement in Bollywood Movies, pp 56) Content of the movie: Most modern films that are high in style and locations but low in content fail to click at the box office. The movie-goer however motivated is no fool and can see through the content of the movie within the first 15 minutes of the movie. Honesty is the best policy. Honesty to the medium and honesty to the audiences does pay off. Audiences always prefer innovativeness in the content. Five Film on the freedom fighter Bhagat Singh was made in 2001 simultaneously, but only the one with protagonist Ajay Devgan in the lead role was a hit at box office mainly because of its narrative style. There are many such instances in bollywood where narrative styles of the movie have won producers accolades. (Bose, 2006) Star Cast: Making a film is all about team work. It consists of actors, crew members, technicians and artistes who contribute their skills and reputation to create a brand value for the film. These people used to be employees of the production houses hired on monthly fixed salary in late 50s. Time passed and so changed the working of bollywood film industry. With the wipeout of the studio system freelancing became the norm of the industry where stars soon began to call the shots. Their association with the production team and banner determined their success and reputation in the industry. Today the focus shifting towards the stars, camps have come up where Shah Rukh Khan belongs to the Karan Johar Camp. Actresses like Urmila and Antara Mali belongs to Ram Gopal Verma camp etc. They may be lucky talismans or loyalists to their respective camps but together they constitute a winning team that every distributor would like to bet on. The star system of bollywood signifies their value by their impac t on the industry. Lorenzen and Taube (2008) stress that inclusion of stars in the movie play a major role in the success of the typical film of the bollywood at the same time acknowledging that mere inclusion does not guarantee the success of the film at box office. The second largest movie industry of India is Tollywood which also has the same star system. At international level Nollywood the movie industy of Nigeria also has the same star system where the power is hold by the marketers and distributors. In contrast to most European film industries, Nigerian film industry is run on very industrial terms. (Kerrigan, 2010) Timing of the movie to be launched: As such there is no rule that films have to be released on Friday but the general reason behind is Friday is the last day working day giving the audiences to spend rest two days in recreational activities. Watching a movie is one of them. Another reason for timing a movie release is people dont come to theatres if there are exams or festivals or world cup event. Given an example is the current release of the movie Yeh Faasle. The current hysteria of World Cup and Board examinations the film is not having audiences in spite of strong star cast. (Pattni, 2011) Planning Campaign of Film Marketing: Film marketing is nothing but how the filmmakers and marketers position their film in the mind of the audiences in order to increase the consumption of their film. (Kerrigan, 2010) A marketing process must address few factors like PEST, cultural and competition to fit in the market place. The timing of this process is very important; filmmakers have realized its importance. Film marketing is done at three stages namely corporate branding, promotions events and traders and distributors.(Chand, 2011) Planning for a Movie: Film marketing starts at the moment the idea of particular film making is conceived. The target audience is also decided for whom the movie is made for. So effective planning is needed to contain all the section you need to address. More than 50% of all movie theatre tickets are bought by 9% of the population. The films first two weeks does the business of around 78% in the given market place. (Smith, 2011) The two key factors of your film planning are Positioning and Target Market: Positioning: Positioning is how a product appears in relation to other products in the market (Tutor2u, 2011) The whole marketing and communication strategy of the film is depended on the positioning of the film. The film positions itself in the mind of the audience through positioning. A target audience is to be pin-pointed by the marketers to appeal them through positioning elements (Kalra, 2002) For e.g. In Dharmendras Barsaat the film was intended to be the refreshing love story with two new star faces. But no key elements were expressed convincingly in the film. Two star faces were created in the industry but the film didnt do well in the box office. (Chand, 2011) Targeting: Every movie differs from other and so is the genre of the movie. The film cant be a hit unless the film maker knows it target audience. It is important for the film maker to know what the target audience want, what they have rejected in past and their habits. Target audience is defined by age, class, gender etc while elements like movie goers, race, socio-economic status, urban and rural audience are additional. Targeting can be done on the basis of: Age Gender Education Religion Ethnicity Nationality Geography Medium of Marketing: Be interesting, or be invisible. Andy Sernovitz There are so many options for marketing that marketers are confused over it. There are many boulevards for marketing in India. Many marketing tools are used for single film in the industry. Lets look at the most used platforms to attract audiences at the theatres. In the past the marketing campaigns were usually done by billboards designed to fit in magazines, newspapers ads, integrated into television ads and the same in theater trailers. Over the years the style of bollywood has changed so is its campaigning style the conventional marketing through billboards, print ads, TV ads and trailers have changed their approach. In todays scenario film campaigning is more targeted at various online demographics that suits the audiences demands and is more specific. (Miller, 2011) Gupta and Gould (1997) stated product placement as incorporating brands in films in return of money. Regional movies are also at par with Bollywood in product placements. E.g. A Telugu movie named Jalsa had a Coca-C ola brand incorporated in it. (Roy Bhattacharya, 2009) Print Advertisements: In contemporary India advertisements play many roles. Print advertisement are the most used and old techniques to reach the audiences. Full page ads and half page ads in a newspaper like Times of India, Dainik Bhaskar etc were regular norms till date. These ads are now shifting towards internet which has photographs usually taken during the shoots. To make the ad more effective and increase its credibility quotes from critics are added to the advertisements. (Chand, 2011) The Indian print industry is expected to grow at 7.4% over the period of 2009-14 and an estimated of Rs. 230.5 billion in 2014 from the current estimate of Rs. 161.5 billion in 2009. (PWC, 2010) Television Appearances: It was started just as an experiment by Yash Raj but this idea seems to be accepted by all in the industry to promote their respective films. Currently this medium is taken by film makers very seriously. Before it was reality shows on TV and now it is serials. Bollywood has found their new mantra to publicize their upcoming movies. Both big and small TV stars benefit from this new arrangement as this is the be

Physical Child Development Essay -- Human Development Infant Essays

Child Development Babies grow and develop at a very rapid rate during the first year of life. They grow physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. In this paper I will discuss the physical growth and development patterns of an infant all the way through adulthood. Development is the baby's increased skill in using various body parts. When dealing with a development of a child there are three basic development rules. First development rule: This rule says that babies develop in the head region first, then the trunk, and lastly in the legs and feet. For example, a baby can hold up their head before they can grasp an object with their hand. Also they can feed themselves before they can walk. Second development rule: The second development rule explains that children develop from the mid line, or center of the body, outward toward the fingers and toes. Third development rule: Finally, this rule reveals that, as the brain develops, a child responds to more and more sights and sounds in their environment. Furthermore, they learn to respond to much finer details. A general rule is that a baby increases in height by 50% and triples its birth weight in the first year. Clearly, this is a very rapid growth rate; however, the rate of growth slows down after infancy. At three months, a baby is alert and responding to the world. When put on their tummy, they can hold their chest and head up for ten seconds. They try to swipe at toys hung over the crib. They turn their heads toward an interesting sound or listen to voices. Babies love to stare at people's faces. They coo and gurgle. At six months a baby is developing control over its body. They can sit with support and may sit alone for short periods of time. They can roll over. They will hold out their arms to be lifted up or reach and grab an object. They can hold their own bottles and toys. They laugh out loud, babbles, "calls" for help and screams when annoyed. At nine months babies are exploring their environment. They can sit unassisted, crawl, pull to a stand and sidestep along furniture. They can use their fingers to point, poke, and grasp small objects. They feed themselves finger foods. Babies know their names and respond to simple commands. She babbles a pattern as if she were speaking a foreign language. At twelve months a baby is striving for independence. They stand and may walk by the... ...dolescence. Puberty rites signal acknowledgment of a young woman or young man has reached the age of responsibility, virility and community productivity, and these rites make an impression on the teenager or adolescent. Puberty rites are an attempt to mold and educate the teenagers and prepare them for their new role in life. Today, in our western culture part of the world, we have no clearly defined rites; however our rites are randomly scattered throughout the mid-teen years. For teenagers, getting your driver's license, entering college, turning legal age, traveling across America or to Europe are all social rites. To further complicate matters, the period of adolescence has probably doubled in length since Mr. Hall first identified it, our children mature younger and younger and take longer and longer to prepare for fully engaged membership into adulthood. Through all of the readings on child and adolescent development, it is clear that children from birth through teen years all develop according to many factors; society, peers, education, family life, finances, fetal development, pre dispositions, and basically anything or anyone that the child may come in contact with.

Pragmatism Vs. Idealism (a Man :: essays research papers

Morality is often overpowered by materialistic pursuits. In â€Å"A Man for All Seasons†,Robert Bolt shows the corruption of those who put self interest above all other values. His use of such characters as Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, Chapuys and Wolsey help convey this corruption. There is yet another character who is a pragmatist that Bolt successfully represents. Thomas More is an idealist as well as a pragmatist, for he is prepared to give up everything for his beliefs and takes all precautions possible to make his case â€Å"watertight†. It is through this pragmatism and idealism that Robert Bolt shows the corruption of the times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas More believed in his ideals to such an extent that he was prepared to sacrifice his life for them, if the need arrived. He was a firm believer in the separation of Church and State. When the King tried to start the reformation of England and the Church by a simple Act of Parliament called the Act of Supremacy, Thomas refused to sign it. He believed that the indictment of the King was â€Å"grounded in an Act of Parliament which is directly repugnant to law of God. The King in Parliament cannot bestow he Supremacy of the Church because it is a Spiritual Supremacy! And more to this the immunity of the Church is promised both in Magna Carta and the Kings own Coronation Oath!†(Bolt, p. 92) The marriage was yet another reason why More refused to sign the Act. He knew that if he signed it then he would accept the King as the Supreme Head of Church and thus give the King the power to â€Å"dispense with the dispensation† which to him was against his morals and religion. Of course the marriage was associated with other things -attack on the abbeys, the whole Reformation policy-to which More was violently opposed. When told by Norfolk that his parish attire is a disrespect to the King and his office. More replies that â€Å"the service of God is not a dishonor to any office†(Bolt, p.26) Even though he loves the King to death as proved by Mores loyalty towards him, he values his morality and religion more. For his conscience is a â€Å"little area where I must rule myself†(Bolt,p.34). His position is perfectly described in his belief that â€Å"when statesmen forsake their own private conscience for the sake of their public duties... they lead their country by a short route to chaos.

Describe How Past Ways Of Working May Affect Present Services

Unit 22†¦ Understanding the Context of Supporting Individuals with Learning Disabilities. 1. 1 Identify Legislation and policies that are designed to promote the human rights, inclusion, equal life chances and citizenship of individuals with learning disabilities. Human Rights Stereotyping labelling Discrimination Anti Discrimination Oppression Anti Oppression Valuing people Mental Capacity Act Human Rights Act 2000. No Secrets – Guidance published by the Department of Health, builds upon the governments respects for human rights and highlights the need to protect vulnerable adults through effective multi-agency work.National Care Standards Commission, now the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI). In Safe Hands: Implementing adult procedures in Wales The Human Rights Act 1998 became law in Briton in 2000 and its articles and protocols, give all people constitutional rights that were intended to prevent discrimination and unfair treatment, echoing and the idea of a dvocacy: Being able to say what I like as long as I respect others. Making choices about my life. Expecting people to listen to me.Having information about my rights. Having my rights respected. Being safe at home and having time to myself. Speaking out and complaining if something is wrong. Choosing the people I see and who my friends are. Getting married and having children. Living with people that I get on with. Deciding what I spend my money on and getting paid for what I do. 1. 2 Explain how this legislation and policies influence the day to day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families.There is less ignorance in the community as more people with learning disabilities have been able to have better access in the community and the public are getting use to adapting to them. Also due to training at work the public are getting training at work and this is also making them aware about disabled people and they are being taught about disabled people. Als o due to legislations, disability act's, SOVA and Mental health acts, disabled people are being employed for work and are not being discriminated against and every one suitable for the job regardless of the disability are being adapted to and employed.Also †back in the day† (still in the 20th century) there were a vast amount of institutions and now there are no institutions due to the legislations that have been put in place and the human rights that there are as it is inhumane to institutionalise anyone. Families are also getting more help form the government and are receiving benefits to help them care for their loved ones. They families are also receiving support from the local councils and carers are coming to the home and taking disabled people out in the community. The day centre's also adheres to the day to day legislation, policies and equal opportunities. 2. Explain what is meant by learning disabilities. A significantly reduced ability to understand new or com plex information, to learn new skills with: A reduced ability to cope independently, which started before adulthood with a lasting effect on development. Degrees of Learning Disabilities MILD: Obvious difficulties in learning, especially educational skill, but can acquire skills of everyday living. MODERSTE: Considerable difficulties in learning, will probably need help mastering everyday skills. SEVERE: Substantial difficulties, language abilities will be limited. Will need support with many daily living activities.PROFOUND: Extreme difficulties in all learning. Limited communication and may possibly have physical needs. Will be dependant on others for personal care and other daily living activities. 2. 2 Give examples of causes of learning disabilities. Causes of learning disabilities can occur at various stages of development either before birth or after birth. The disabilities which occur before birth or (pre-natally) are know as congenital causes such as chromosomes, Fragile X Syndrome. In other cases, harmful substances in the womb may affect a foetus, this could include alcoholism or drug abuse during pregnancy. After birth or (post-natally) causes can occur because of illness, injury or environmental conditions, for example: Meningitis†¦.. Brain injury†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Malnutrition. 2. 3 Describe the medical and social models of disabilities. The medical model of disability views disabilities as a problem that belongs to the disabled person. It is not seen as a problem that needs the concern of anyone else apart from the disabled individual affected, for example if a wheelchair user is unable to get into a building because there are steps then, the wheelchair is seen as the problem not the steps, according to the medical model.The social model suggests that it is the steps that are the issue not the wheelchair, as it is the steps which are disabling the person access, which is seen as a barrier. This model suggests that it is society disabling people through designing everything to meet the needs of the majority of people, who are not disabled. The social model believe that there is a gre at deal that society can do to reduce and ultimately remove, some of the barriers.This task is the responsibility of society rather then the person, as far as is reasonably practical – which by if it is a big organisation and it is financially possible and financially beneficial, then it would make sense to adapt and make provisions for disabled people to have access for example, wider doors, disabled toilets, a ramp, lifts if it is not a ground level building, although if it is only a small company then it may not benefit them financially to adapt there building. As if they are not getting the business then there may not be a need to adapt for the one in a million disabled person, as it may not be practical. . 4 State the approximate proportion of individuals with a learning disability for whom the cause in not known. In adults with a mild learning disabilities, 50% of cases have no cause of identification. In adults with severe or profound learning disabilities, chromosomal abnormalities cause around 40% of cases. Prenatal and perinatal problems cause around 10% of learning disability, and post natal issues a further 10% of cases and unknown cause's are at around 25%. 2. 5 Describe the possible impact on a family of having a member with a learning disability.The impacts will depend on the type of condition and severity, as well as the physical, emotional, and financial wherewithal of the family and the resources that are available. Having a family member with a learning disability can be reacted upon in many different ways, for example – A family may see this family member no differently from their other children. They will support the child at home and continue to live ‘normally'. They would get help from the local authorities and from social services and get their family member sent to a special school specific to their needs.They would monitor the progress and aim to teach them personal care, social skills and everyday living skills to make their life as normal as possible. There is possibility that the family member may be challenging but the monitoring that was put in place previously would know what triggers the behaviour, and how to calm them down. The main carer may possibly have to leave work and the family member would have to be their main focus. This may put a struggle on the rest of the family financially and mentally as the rest of the family could feel unappreciated and start having bad behaviour to try and get attention, and to get by.On the other hand a family may feel like they do not have the ability to cope and may put the family member in either foster care or permanent care. Dependant on the severity of the disabled person is dependant on the affect which it could have and dependant on the disability and the severity of the ability. You may have to fight for help from the professionals and be persistent to get the help and support you need and not give up and tat may be hard as at times you may feel let down by the service your being offered or like you are getting nowhere and this could make you feel like giving up.It can broaden horizons, increase family members' awareness of their inner strength, enhance family cohesion, and encourage connections to community groups or religious institutions. On the negative side, the time and financial costs, physical and emotional demands, and logistical complexities associated with raising a disabled person can have far-reaching effects. 3. 1 Explain the types of services that have been provided for individuals with learning disabilities over time. Collages have provided sessions and lessons specifically designed for disabled people to meet their needs.Day centres have been provided for a wide variety of disabled people for stimulation and person centred needs. Charities, volunteers and church run groups are available. Advocacy groups – talk-back. Health care, specialist nurses and education. Ategi. People with learning disab ilities have been assessed in great depth to assess whether they have the capacity to have direct payments and personal budgets. People are getting supported living and outsource day opportunities. 3. 2 Describe how past ways of working may affect present services.Incidents that were happening such as abuse within institutions is one of the main reasons that we now have introduced safeguarding, and also as people were being hidden from the truth of the ongoings in the institutions. Inspections from the likes of C. Q. C are in the pipe line for day services. Safeguarding training has been pushed harder for all employees to get a place on a course for greater understanding and so that the disabled adults are safe. Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities: A) Where People live.Huge changes have been made in society and disabled people now have access to supported living, shared life, Ategi, Respite services and R esidential home services. This provides disabled people who have the ability to live on their own have their mental capacity assessed to decide what the clients needs are based on person centred individual care. B) Daytime activities Charities and volunteers have organised church run groups in late afternoon early/evening's for adults with learning disabilities and the day centres provide stimulating outings for all the clients weekly whether its going for a ride in the bus or going swimming.The government also arranges social worker's to go to their homes and take clients out. C)Employment Each client with a learning disability will have a back to base assessment and this will assess whether a client has the capacity and ability to be able to work in paid employment. Also there are anti discrimination acts in place where if you do have a learning disability, then you are not able to be discriminated against and you have a fair right to employed. D)Sexual relationships and parenthoo d For an adult to have a sexual relationship and consider entering parenthood then the individual(s) will need to have a capacity assessment.With the assessment this determines whether the individual is able to understand and fully consent to the sexual relationship. If it is deemed that the client doesn't have the capacity to have a sexual relationship then the client will not be able to be involved and the client will have to have a best interest assessment in place. If it was deemed appropriate then the social services will become more involved to make sure that any of the individuals involved wasn't being abused in any way under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. If needed you would receive extra support from midwives and social services would monitor you throughout the pregnancy.You could even have extra help during and after for example you may get help for cooking and cleaning and the council would pay for this. If the sexual relationship progressed into something further for inst ance pregnancy, then again the social services would get involved and a capacity assessment would be done to assess whether you are fit to be a parent, and if you were then what help and support you would need if any. Also there would be a best interest assessment whether you are aloud to continue with the pregnancy and whether your aloud to keep the baby or put the baby up for adoption.If you did have the baby and keep the baby then you would be regularly assessed by the social services to make sure that you are coping and if you needed any help and the help and services they could offer you for full support. E) The provision of healthcare Each client has a medical health passport which follows them around whenever they need to go to the doctors or hospital then the medical professionals have the information they need to help medicate you or assess what is wrong to enable the professionals to give you the correct care you need.Each client has there own nurse, who have been trained in learning disabilities so that if you need help or advice then they are there for you and know your history. Also client have transport passports which enables them to travel safely. 4. 1 Explain the meaning of the term ‘social inclusion. Inclusion is based upon the idea of allowing everyone equal access to a service regardless of gender, disability, religion etc. There are many ways to ensure that your setting adheres to its inclusion policy. Here are a few examples.In a learning disability environment you could make access for disabled people possible by providing disabled toilets, ramps and wide doors. You could disabled people and families who have English as a second language resources to help with communication such as books and diagrams of words ; their meanings. Also staff could learn other means of communicate for example makaton and British sigh language as with disabled people with a hearing impairment you could train staff up on sign language to help with communi cation.For people with learning difficulties you could ensure that you gain support from outside agencies such as speech therapists, health visitors, specialist nurses etc. 4. 2 Explain the meaning of the term advocacy. Advocacy is: Protecting your rights when you are vulnerable. Listening to you Ensuring that you are listened to. Providing you with information so that you can make informed choices and decisions. Helping you to express yourself and take part in decisions which affect you. Respecting your right to make your own choices.Being there for you without conflict of interest. Advocacy must: Be Accessible to all who require it. Be Accountable to those who use it and fund it. Put those who use it first. Be as free as possible from conflicts of interest. Describe different types of advocacy. Self advocacy – This refers to the civil rights movement for people with developmental disabilities also called cognitive or intellectual disabilities, and other disabilities. The se lf-advocacy movement is (in basic terms) about people with disabilities speaking up for themselves.Self-Advocacy or Speaking up for yourself is to speak up for oneself, either as a member of a group or as an individual and contains an element of developing the confidence, skills and knowledge to do this. Self-advocacy groups are the same as self-help groups but will often involve the use of a facilitator or supporter where additional skills are required that members of the group do not already have. Peer advocacy – Peer Advocacy refers to â€Å"experts by experience†, and is used to describe advocacy relationships where both the advocate and the advocacy partner share similar experiences, difficulties or discrimination.This can include looked after children, with experience of children’s homes, those with mental ill health, the elderly or people with a learning disability. Peer advocacy is often spontaneous in such settings as day centres. Paid independent advoc acy – In paid advocacy – sometimes called independent advocacy – the advocate receives a salary or a fee per client. Citizen advocacy – ‘Citizen Advocacy organisations' (Citizen Advocacy programs/programmes) seek to cause benefit by reconnecting people who have become isolated from the ordinary community.Statutory advocacy – Statutory Advocacy is a term used to describe advocacy roles that are established in legislation. Statutory advocates will have certain legal rights, and where certain criteria are met, a person may have a right to this form of advocacy. There are two forms of statutory advocacy; Independent Mental Health Advocates (IMHA’s) and Independent Mental Capacity Advocates (IMCA’s). All advocacy types are of equal value. What advocacy is used, and when, should depend on what is best suited to the person who seeks it. A single person may ask for different types of advocacy support at different times in their life.Wha t is common to all types of advocacy is that the person who it is for (in this instance the person with a learning disability) is always at the centre of the advocacy process. It is all about what that person wants, and finding the best way of getting that across to the people who need to know. Advocacy can be like tools in a tool box, the different types can be used together or separately depending on the job that needs to be done. People with learning disabilities say that being part of a self advocacy group or getting support from an advocate is a really important part of being able to take control of their lives. . 4 Describe the ways to build empowerment and active participation into everyday support with individuals with learning disabilities. The way that we build empowerment and active participation in the day services is by giving each client as much control and choice as possible. By knowing and assessing the capacity of the individual and then giving that individual the c hoice and control of their life doing the best we can to help them. 5. 1 Explain how attitudes are changing in relation to individuals with learning disabilities.People with learning disabilities are given their voice and people are now excepting them as individuals and therefore the individual is getting the care and attention they do or don't need, this is making their lives better and more comfortable and so they are happier. Disabled people are now in the public more working and mixing with ‘normal' people and so the ‘normal' people are learning more about the individual and the wideness of people with learning disabilities and how to work with them in and work place and just on a day to day basis.This is giving people in the public a wider knowledge and understanding so they are beginning to accept and learn to work with the disabled. 5. 2 Give examples of positive and negative aspects of being labelled as have a learning disability. Positive: Those who are not exte nsively trained about learning disabilities may think they understand their problems, when they really don't, and have unrealistic expectations or make assumptions that they cant do something that they can actually do. Choosing to allow a person to be abelled as learning disabled can provide the person with many advantages and specific adaptations can be made at their school/workplace. They may also receive special understanding from their teacher/colleges and others. If they realize that a learning disability is something that simply affects how another person learns, they may come to respect that persons abilities rather than focus on their areas of weakness. Negative: Being labelled as having a learning disability. Labels are for life, and many people fear that having a label attached them will cause people to treat them in a negative way.Most people do not understand what it means to have a learning disability, and may discriminate against someone who is labelled as having a lea rning disability. 5. 3 Describe steps that can be taken to promote positive attitudes towards individuals with learning disabilities and their family/carers. Care in the community and action toward greater integration amongst mainstream society. To provide assistance and education for learning disabled people to gather the skills to live a less marginalised and more independent life within society.As well as modernising day services to help encourage independent living and social skills for forming meaningful relationships with a different groups of people. The local authority must evaluate the person's needs and make provisions where possible. 5. 4 Explain the roles of external agencies and others in changing attitudes, policies and practice. Agencies and care providers have a role to play in changing the situation. People with learning disabilities should be supported to be all they can be, and to achieve their fundamental human rights, including the right to make an informed choi ce about whether or not to form relationships.They are also working to improve conditions of the individuals that they work for. Some of the external agencies whom would be involved: Care Quality Commission, General Social Care Council, Skills for Care (includes Common Induction Standards) Health & Safety Executive, Social Care Institute for Excellence,the organisation you work for, yourself, advocates, citizens' advice bureau, charities, organisations, (Action on Hearing Loss, Scope, RNIB, Sense, Dementia UK, Alzheimer's Society, Parkinsons UK.The roles of external agencies are: Having to keep updated with legislation and training on all the staff. This is agencies with whom the day centre uses: Doctors/Nurses, carers/parents, care managers and physiotherapists. Carers and families attitudes with regards to policy and practice is to have continued communication with all professionals. 6. 1 Identify ways of adapting each of the following when communicating with individuals who have learning difficulties.Verbal communication:To learn the language that the client uses and the facial expression that the client uses as this can help you to understand how the client feels, also to listen to the client and not to finish the sentence for the client as this can lead to misunderstandings and confusions. You need to use simpler terms and never must use slang or jargon. Non Verbal communication:To watch facial expressions and body language that the client uses. Braille and sensory equipment will also help with communication and the clients needs.Using bright colours, picture cards and makaton/sigh language. 6. 2 Explain why it is important, to use language that is both ‘age appropriate' and ability appropriate' when communicating with individuals with learning disabilities. Its important to use age appropriate language as the client may have the ability to understand and respond to you when spoken to correctly, also you don't want the client to loose the ability to communicate, don't use big, long fancy words or talk fast.Every one has different abilities some individuals can walk and talk and some are highly dependable on the help of others, some people can interact with others but some may not have the mental ability to. All clients have different abilities for instance one client will be able to communicate with you to tell you what they would like to eat, some may be able to show you through pointing or eye contact and others may only be able to show you through trial and error e. g. if they eat the food or spit it out.You should use shorter sentences and give them time to take in what you are saying and be patient, give the client enough time to take in what you have said not rushing them. If you speak to the client like a child then this may upset of distress the client and make him/her feel inadequate, which could lead to further issues. When communicating you need to always communicate clearly and use basic English unless stated other wise otherwise this could lead to misunderstandings. 6. 3 Describe ways of checking whether an individual has understood communications, and how to address any misunderstandings.By knowing how the client communicates, you can read the facial expressions for example – blinking, head movements, sounds or body movements. If a client has misunderstood what you have said then the client may either not answer or act differently or answer even though they are not aware what they are saying. If the client is struggling to understand you or you think the client has misunderstood you then you need to rephrase the question or use visual aids, as this could help you to explain it in another way.