Identify the major issues affecting the individual in the two chapters Assignment

Identify the major issues affecting the individual in the two chapters in terms of No pity by Joseph Shapiro - Assignment Example This group started a formal program in the dormitory in order to offer rehabilitation services to the disabled persons in 1968. The group gained much strength when the counselor evicted two persons for low grades and his action attracted protests from both disabled and able-bodied students forcing him to resign. Their power expanded from the university to the city where they demanded for the city to cut curb on disabled people. Through the movement, the disabled students got a grant of $81,000 that helped them get accessible apartments with personal attendants. Regulation of section 504 was written by the secretaries of Welfare, Education and Health after a 25-days protest. However, this would costs a lot of funds which were unavailable at the time. This is because building and operating independent living centers would have been very expensive. As such, states were awarded the money to operate the centers with a condition to keep out of political activism. In 1980s and 1990s, students who were graduating from high school were empowered and equipped with a sense of independent living. There has been a series of activism since them with physically disabled persons seeking to gain more independence. One major plausible achievement can be traced to a landmark decision made by the United States Supreme Court which give disabled persons and their families to make decisions on their choice of residence as opposed to regulations that were imposed by the federal government. In the case of Olmstead v. L. C., the court ruled that disabled persons can choose to live in a facility or be de-institutionalized and move into the community. The local, state and federal governments were challenges to make more accessible facilities and services in order to reduce the challenges disabled people face in the community. In this chapter, the deaf students are agitated due to discrimination in the

New Drug Application of Paclitaxel: Results Discussion

New Drug Application of Paclitaxel: Results Discussion The present research work is an attempt made to design and development of a new drug application for of Paclitaxel sustained release microspheres by using ionic Gelation and solvent evaporation methods is to achieve first order to improve bioavailability and reduce side effects of paclitaxel. For this purpose different polymers like HPMC K100, EUDRAGIT RS100, ETHYL CELLULOSE, and in combination were used. Based on the above investigational reports. I concluded the following results and discussions. 7.1. Preformulation Studies: The reports indicate the exhibit good and passable flow properties. So there is no need to improve the flow of the powder. The regression value obtained from analytical method development in buffer media is 0.999.so, the drug is exhibiting linearity in concentration 2ug to 10 ug.The FT-IR spectral studies indicate good stability and no chemical interaction between the drugs and excipients used. 7.1.1. Identification of paclitaxel In identification of API it was found that paclitaxel was soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone 7.2 Stability studies 7.2.1. – Photo stability: When paclitaxel was exposed to light for a period of 2 months (60days) it was found that 0.2% of the drug was degraded. 7.2.2. Acidic degradation When the drug was exposed in acidic medium 0.1N HCL for a period of 24 hrs , it was found that there is no degradation of the drug in alkaline mediums showing 100% stability in the acidic medium. 7.2.3. Alkaline degradation: When the drug was exposed in different alkaline mediums like phosphate buffer 7.4 for a period of 24 hrs, it was found that there is no degradation of the drug in alkaline mediums showing 100% stability in alkaline medium. 7.2.4 Temperature stress conditions: When the drug was exposed to different temperatures (00C, 100C, 200C, 300C, 350C, 450C and 500C, 600C) for a time period of 1hr, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr, 24hr, was found that there is no degradation of the drug in Temperature stress conditions. 7. 3.Solubility studies: Solubility of paclitaxel: Paclitaxel is soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone etc;.paclitaxel is in soluble in water Melting Point: It was also found Melting point of paclitaxel was 2160c, Density: On analyzing for density it was found that paclitaxel showed bulk density value 0.593gm/ml and tapped density value 0.514 gm/ml, Carr’s Index: The value of Carr’s Index for 13.32 and drugs showed good flow characteristics Compressibility Index: The value of Compressibility Index for was 14.28, and drugs showed good characteristics. Hausner’s ratio: The value of Hausner’s ratio for paclitaxel was 1.16 drugs showed good flow characteristics. Angle of Repose: The studies on angle of repose showed that was 26.83 values indicated good flow properties. Stability studies FTIR studies: From the FTIR spectra, it was concluded that similar characteristic peaks with minor difference for the drug and their formulation. Hence, it appears that there was no chemical interaction between the drugs and excipients used. The IR Spectra of paclitaxel with HPMC K100, Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose were shown in figs. The following peaks were observed in as well as paclitaxel with excipients. EVALUATION OF MICROSPHERES: Determination of percentage yield: The percentage yield was estimated from all the 18 formulations the results obtained between the range 86.03 %to 76.56%.all the formulation was found within the limits. Drug entrapment efficiency: The drug entrapment of all formulation of paclitaxel microspheres varied from 86.19 to 67.38 Particle size analysis: The particle size of the microspheres of the paclitaxel formulations varied from 836  µm to 191 µm. In vitro drug release studies: The formulation F1, F4, F7 contains HPMC K 100,Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose, as a polymers in 1% concentration prepared by ionic gelation method. These formulations subjected to drug release studies in 7.4 ph phosphate buffer as a dissolution medium. The formulation F1 that containing 1% HPMC K100, amount of the drug is release 36.92% in 48 hrs. . And the formulation F4 containing 1% Eudragit Rs 100, amount of the drug release 43.92 in 48hrs, The formulation F7 containing 1 % Ethyl cellulose , amount of the drug release 68.96 in 48hrs. The formulation F2 that containing 20mg HPMC k 100, 10mg, Eudragit Rs 100, amount of drug is release 41.73 in 48hr. the formulation F3containing 10mg Ethyl cellulose, 20mg HPMC K 100, amount of drug release 46.98 in 48 hrs.the formulation F5 containing 20mg Eudragit Rs100, 10mgHPMC K 100 amount of drug release 50.24 in 48 hrs. the formulation F6 containing 20mg Eudragit, 10mgEthyl cellulose amount of drug release53.28 in 48hrs. The formulation F8 that containing 10mg HPMC k 100, 20mgEthyl cellulose, amount of drug is release 63.24 in 48hrs, the formulation F9containing 20mgEthyl cellulose, 10mg Ethyl cellulose, amount of drug release 56.23 in 48 hrs. From formulations F1 to F9 shows cumulative percentage drug release in 48 hr in between 36.92% to 68.96%. The formulation F10, F13, F16 contains HPMC K 100,Eudragit Rs100, Ethyl cellulose, as a polymers in 1% concentration prepared by solvent evaporation method. These formulations subjected to drug release studies in 7.4 ph phosphate buffer as a dissolution medium. The formulation F10 that containing 1% HPMC K100, amount of the drug is release 42.28% in 48 hrs. . And the formulation F13 containing 1% Eudragit Rs 100, amount of the drug release 49.32 in 48hrs, The formulation F16 containing 1 % Ethyl cellulose , amount of the drug release 79.42in 48hrs. The formulation F11 that containing 20mg HPMC k 100, 10mg, Eudragit Rs 100, amount of drug is release 46.43 in 48hr. the formulation F12containing 10mg Ethyl cellulose, 20mgHPMC K 100, amount of drug release 53.67 in 48 hrs. The formulation F14 containing 20mg Eudragit Rs100, 10mgHPMC K 100 amount of drug release 55.86 in 48 hrs. the formulation F15 containing 20mg Eudragit, 10mgEthyl cellulose amount of drug release59.11 in 48hrs. The formulation F17 that containing 10mg HPMC k 100, 20mgEthyl cellulose, amount of drug is release 74.82 in 48hrs. the formulation F18containing 20mgEthyl cellulose, 10mg Ethyl cellulose, amount of drug release 65.24 in 48 hrs. From formulations F10 to F18 shows cumulative percentage drug release in 48 hr in between 42.28% to 79.42%. The release profiles showed a characteristic initial burst release followed by a lag period and further initiation of sustained release. After the initial lag, a nearly linear and continuous release was observed over 48 hr Comparison of in-vitro drug release profiles for all formulations F1to F9 and F10 to F18 are shown in Fig (7,8) and the data is shown in Tables (13,14). Effect of method of preparation Ionic gelation solvent evaporation 1. On particle size : From formulations F1to F9 are by ionic gelation method. Spheres obtained are larger than desired particle size range i.e 609-875. µm. formulations F10 to F18 are by solvent evaporation, are in desired particle size range i.e 191-303  µm. So that Spheres obtained are smaller than by ionic gelation method. 2. On Drug release: Drug release is sustained in formulations prepared by solvent evaporation than with ionic gelation. Therefore from above results solvent evaporation method is selected. Effect of polymers HPMC K100, Ethyl cellulose,Eudragit RS100 are three different polymers used as sustained release polymers. Formulations F1,F4,F7 by ionic gelation where as F10,F13,F16, by solvent evaporation are with single polymer respectively. Remaining all formulations are combination of two each polymers of respective ratios HPMC K100 is hydrophilic,Ethyl cellulose is hydrophobic nature.Combination of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic polymers is tested at different ratios to determine effect on sustained drug release Also HPMC K100 with coating polymer Eudragit RS 100 combination is tested at different ratios Among all these ,F10 i.e,with single polymer HPMC K100 by solvent evaporation method shows desired drug release compared to combination of polymers. Therefore it is concluded that there is no effect of combination of polymers on drug release of paclitaxel microspheres. Kinetics of drug release from optimized formulation The kinetics of the drug release was evaluated by drug release rate models namely zero order, First order. The mechanisms of drug release was evaluated by First order drug release. The dissolution kinetics data was defected in table 15 and the comparative dissolution profile was given in the figure 9 . The drug release followed zero order kinetics in all polymers employed. The graph drawn in between time Vs cumulative % drug release show in figure 12 to 15.

How Shall We Care for Our Frail Elders? :: essays research papers fc

How Can We Best Care for our Frail Elders?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of what constitutes â€Å"best† care for the elderly is not easily identified nor readily defined. There are widely differing points of view, each with its own strengths and limitations. In addition, arguments are often full of bias and assumptions, making it even more challenging to form an intelligent opinion regarding this difficult problem. Differing points of view provide a variety of evidence, biases, and assumptions to be examined and interpreted before coming to a personal conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alan Sager, an associate professor at Boston University’s School of Medicine, is in favor of a national health insurance policy that guarantees â€Å"quality health care for everyone† (Sager, 152). He insists that the government already spends enough to provide health care coverage for every citizen (Sager, 153). He presents a four-part plan with health care for all with no out-of-pocket expenses, financially neutral physicians and health-care professionals, hospitals operating on limited budgets, and freedom for each individual to choose a caregiver (Sager, 157). Sager provides many specific percentages, dollar amounts, and population numbers to supply supporting evidence. However, his attacks on Medicare distract from his proposed plan. (Sager, 155).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Lamm, former governor of Colorado and current professor at the University of Denver, asks some difficult questions as he challenges the priorities in our current health care system where â€Å"we spend too much money on high-technology care for a few and too little on basic health care for the many† (Lamm, 160). He also carefully cites percentages and population figures in his evidence statements. However, Lamm’s biases weaken his argument drastically. He over-uses â€Å"hot† adjectives and draws parallels that do not represent evidence but rather pull at the readers’ emotions (‘pain-racked existence,† â€Å"spend fantastic amounts,† â€Å"small chance of survival,† â€Å"over treating our sick and under educating our kids† (Lamm, 159-160).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The complexities of this situation run deep. There are no simple answers or one-time, one-size-fits-all solutions. There is not one correct answer. Some of the reasons for many of the uncertainties that cause this problem to be so complex are: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extreme measures are being taken to extend the lifetime of very old people 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes when life is extended the quality of life may be severely reduced 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People with Alzheimer’s and Dementia are no longer fully aware of their surroundings 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elderly have already lived for decades 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opinions about the sanctify of life vary widely. Once an open-ended problem has been identified, the solutions offered must be examined for bias, assumptions, and objections.

The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi

Importance of keeping a clean and standardized MPI A clean Master Patient Index is a huge part of a successful healthcare organization. Therefor, it is very important to identify duplicate records. Duplicate records could cause major issues such as patient safety, risk management, legal, customer service, and other issues. For example duplicate lab tests could be ordered by doctors and preformed , one of the most common being radiology exams because the previous films were not available for comparison. There have been delays in surgery due to lack of available medical history due to duplicate records.Another common issue with duplicate records is the fact that initial treatment is sometimes delayed. Duplicate record management reports should be reviewed to make sure all of the duplicates have been taken care of and merged properly. One thing that we all need to remember is that the MPI is not an automated process and no particular way of repairing records takes away the human compone nt. Therefore it is important to review all possible duplicates, identify those that need more research and those that can be confirmed as true duplicates. Then verify all possible duplicates that require additional research and reconcile those records.The HIM supervisor's role in managing the duplicate processes and workflow is to assign specific tasks to specific staff members, review duplicate management reports, oversee the process of identifying duplicate records, make sure corrections are made and done correctly. They should also try to minimize the causes of duplicates, by looking for patterns. The problem may be created in a specific situation or a specific department. The HIM supervisor might also evaluate current processes for reconciliation of duplicate records and overlaid medical records. The bigger the database, the bigger the duplication problem can be.The productivity of the duplicate merging process is important to monitor to be sure there is no information being de leted or added in the process. It is also important to monitor it so there is no need to re-run and re-run the same reports to double and triple check that duplicates no longer exist. The organization should set MPI standards and processing standards, as there are no set industry standards. There are EMPI recommendations as seen in appendix A AHIMA recommended data elements. It is very important to set standards based on the recommended data elements in appendix A so that nationally and even internationally, your MPI will be asily read and understood, if needed. It is important that it be similar if not the same as other organizations' MPIs so if anyone from another facility or organization needs to access patient records from your database, it will be straight-forward. It is also a good idea to follow the same or similar procedures as other organizations so when new staff is hired or transferred, there will not be very much training needed. In closing, it is very important to keep a clean and standardized MPI for many many reasons: ease of use, patient safety, timely treatment, and transferability, not to mention billing and legal reasons.

Execution of Strategy Essay

Executives, or corporate-level managers, are in charge of many things governing the success of the company as a whole. Among these are developing a strategic vision and business mission, setting objectives, crafting a strategy, implementing and executing a strategy and evaluating the performance of the strategy. Strategies are especially important because of the value-creation process that occurs because of it. Sometimes, though, execution of strategies fail and the question here is â€Å"why? † One possible reason is that the strategies developed by the executives are too broad and do not take into consideration the environment of the firm at the operational level, which is the lowest level and the closest to the markets. One possible way to curb this problem is through a bottom-up approach, wherein the operational-level managers submit their proposed strategies and the corporate-level managers evaluate and approve these, or the top-bottom-top approach, wherein the corporate-level managers forward their suggested strategies to the operational-level managers, who make changes accordingly, and evaluate the said changes before approving the strategy. Supple Supply Chain According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2007), the term ‘supple’ means to be able to easily adapt to new circumstances. When we say that a supply chain is ‘supple’, we simply mean that a firm is very flexible in terms of its ability to synchronize its functions and those of its’ suppliers to match the flow of service, information and materials with cutomer demand. A firm’s environment is constantly changing, especially in our day and age with the advent of technology which brings about major changes to the flow of communication. A firm that cannot take advantage of these changes is sure to fail. For example, the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation had a major problem with regards to the delay in production when a certain portion of its parts was just a tiny bit too large or too small; it would have taken ages for changes to be made. Today, however, using a program called ‘Powerway’, which ables the firm to collaborate more easily with their suppliers, the firm can now avoid delays by forseeing the problem and adjusting accordingly before it even occurs (Mayor, 2007). The best strategy a firm can employ to ensure a supple supply chain is to take advantage of the advancing technology, as the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation has done. The new programs developed by the IT industries offer a way for firms to know and understand the production and business processes to allow for quick response to changes in the firm’s market (Mayor, 2007). One thing to understand, though, is that one should not confuse a ‘supple supply chain’ with a ‘responsive supply chain,’ because a responsive supply chain is a strategy of the firm to counter uncertain demand wherein a supple supply chain is a characteristic of the supply chain. Reference http://www.cio.com/article/119301/The_Supple_Supply_Chain http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/supple

Free Essays on Judas At The Jocky Club

Judas at the Jockey Club William H. Beezley compares the ordinary every day lives of Mexicans. This compares with E. Bradford Burns in his informative book The Poverty of Progress in that Burns speaks of the degree of beneficence that modernization had upon nineteenth-century Latin America. Each author takes into account sports to recreation, from work to jobs, and from ceremonies to celebrations in order to illustrate the extent to which the two main culture groups of Mexican society, los de arriba (the elite) and los de abajo (the underclass) live their very separate lives. Beezley states that the social, political and economic factors are considered as an argument that this period can be seen as the basis for modern Mexico. Burns believed that because progress benefited the elite minority it crippled the folk majority, thus modernization was a pitfall for Latin America. Judas at the Jockey Club supplies an accurate view of a struggling and developing Mexico throughout the Porfirian era up to the year 191 0. (Judas at the Jockey Club, The Poverty of Progress) Beezley’s research was exceptionally far-reaching, but organized to perfection. He used an impressive amount of different information to successfully cover the cultural separations and defined differences of the two social divisions in the nation of Mexico around the turn of the 20th century. The author uses over one hundred different sources to inform the reader that there is much more to Mexican life than seen by the naked eye. However, the author could have supported his views on the lower class with a further in-depth focus as he did so with the upper class. Overall, his research and argument was well written. He captures local Mexican views and standpoints of both the upper and lower classes and created a division that would make a reader, with any or little previous knowledge of Latin American study, understand with the greatest of ease. In comparison The Poverty of Pro... Free Essays on Judas At The Jocky Club Free Essays on Judas At The Jocky Club Judas at the Jockey Club William H. Beezley compares the ordinary every day lives of Mexicans. This compares with E. Bradford Burns in his informative book The Poverty of Progress in that Burns speaks of the degree of beneficence that modernization had upon nineteenth-century Latin America. Each author takes into account sports to recreation, from work to jobs, and from ceremonies to celebrations in order to illustrate the extent to which the two main culture groups of Mexican society, los de arriba (the elite) and los de abajo (the underclass) live their very separate lives. Beezley states that the social, political and economic factors are considered as an argument that this period can be seen as the basis for modern Mexico. Burns believed that because progress benefited the elite minority it crippled the folk majority, thus modernization was a pitfall for Latin America. Judas at the Jockey Club supplies an accurate view of a struggling and developing Mexico throughout the Porfirian era up to the year 191 0. (Judas at the Jockey Club, The Poverty of Progress) Beezley’s research was exceptionally far-reaching, but organized to perfection. He used an impressive amount of different information to successfully cover the cultural separations and defined differences of the two social divisions in the nation of Mexico around the turn of the 20th century. The author uses over one hundred different sources to inform the reader that there is much more to Mexican life than seen by the naked eye. However, the author could have supported his views on the lower class with a further in-depth focus as he did so with the upper class. Overall, his research and argument was well written. He captures local Mexican views and standpoints of both the upper and lower classes and created a division that would make a reader, with any or little previous knowledge of Latin American study, understand with the greatest of ease. In comparison The Poverty of Pro...

Chimps essays

Chimps essays Mother and baby chimpanzees get into fights and then minutes later they hug and make up. Chimps do not perfer to walk, but perfer to climb. Their order is primates. Their genus in Pan. Their family is Pongidae. Also, their species is troglodytes. Their body length is 28-38 inches (female) and 30-36 inches (male). The average weight is 99-176 lbs. They mostly eat fruit, leaves, buds, blossoms, bark, resin, honey, termites, ans ants. Occasionally they eats other smaller mammals. Chimps live in troops that number between 25 and 80 chimps. Each troop has a dominate male. The troops home rangs varies in size from 7-8 square miles in open country. Chimps sleep at night in a nest. They mainly stay in trees during the wet season. They sleep on the ground when it is dry. Breeding takes place year round. Chimps have 2 intense feeding periods each day. It was recently discovered that the chimpanzee eats meat. It is also known to hunt, kill and feed on a variety of mammals, including other primates. Such as the Colobus monkeys, the Blue monkeys, and babboons. The killing is almost always done by one adult male. Chimps suffer from many human diseases including malaria. Chimps are the only animal that resembles man closely. ...